util.rs

   1pub mod arc_cow;
   2pub mod archive;
   3pub mod command;
   4pub mod fs;
   5pub mod markdown;
   6pub mod paths;
   7pub mod process;
   8pub mod redact;
   9pub mod rel_path;
  10pub mod schemars;
  11pub mod serde;
  12pub mod shell;
  13pub mod shell_builder;
  14pub mod shell_env;
  15pub mod size;
  16#[cfg(any(test, feature = "test-support"))]
  17pub mod test;
  18pub mod time;
  19
  20use anyhow::{Context as _, Result};
  21use futures::Future;
  22use itertools::Either;
  23use paths::PathExt;
  24use regex::Regex;
  25use std::path::PathBuf;
  26use std::sync::{LazyLock, OnceLock};
  27use std::{
  28    borrow::Cow,
  29    cmp::{self, Ordering},
  30    env,
  31    ops::{AddAssign, Range, RangeInclusive},
  32    panic::Location,
  33    pin::Pin,
  34    task::{Context, Poll},
  35    time::Instant,
  36};
  37use unicase::UniCase;
  38
  39pub use take_until::*;
  40#[cfg(any(test, feature = "test-support"))]
  41pub use util_macros::{line_endings, path, uri};
  42
  43#[macro_export]
  44macro_rules! debug_panic {
  45    ( $($fmt_arg:tt)* ) => {
  46        if cfg!(debug_assertions) {
  47            panic!( $($fmt_arg)* );
  48        } else {
  49            let backtrace = std::backtrace::Backtrace::capture();
  50            log::error!("{}\n{:?}", format_args!($($fmt_arg)*), backtrace);
  51        }
  52    };
  53}
  54
  55#[inline]
  56pub const fn is_utf8_char_boundary(u8: u8) -> bool {
  57    // This is bit magic equivalent to: b < 128 || b >= 192
  58    (u8 as i8) >= -0x40
  59}
  60
  61pub fn truncate(s: &str, max_chars: usize) -> &str {
  62    match s.char_indices().nth(max_chars) {
  63        None => s,
  64        Some((idx, _)) => &s[..idx],
  65    }
  66}
  67
  68/// Removes characters from the end of the string if its length is greater than `max_chars` and
  69/// appends "..." to the string. Returns string unchanged if its length is smaller than max_chars.
  70pub fn truncate_and_trailoff(s: &str, max_chars: usize) -> String {
  71    debug_assert!(max_chars >= 5);
  72
  73    // If the string's byte length is <= max_chars, walking the string can be skipped since the
  74    // number of chars is <= the number of bytes.
  75    if s.len() <= max_chars {
  76        return s.to_string();
  77    }
  78    let truncation_ix = s.char_indices().map(|(i, _)| i).nth(max_chars);
  79    match truncation_ix {
  80        Some(index) => s[..index].to_string() + "…",
  81        _ => s.to_string(),
  82    }
  83}
  84
  85/// Removes characters from the front of the string if its length is greater than `max_chars` and
  86/// prepends the string with "...". Returns string unchanged if its length is smaller than max_chars.
  87pub fn truncate_and_remove_front(s: &str, max_chars: usize) -> String {
  88    debug_assert!(max_chars >= 5);
  89
  90    // If the string's byte length is <= max_chars, walking the string can be skipped since the
  91    // number of chars is <= the number of bytes.
  92    if s.len() <= max_chars {
  93        return s.to_string();
  94    }
  95    let suffix_char_length = max_chars.saturating_sub(1);
  96    let truncation_ix = s
  97        .char_indices()
  98        .map(|(i, _)| i)
  99        .nth_back(suffix_char_length);
 100    match truncation_ix {
 101        Some(index) if index > 0 => "…".to_string() + &s[index..],
 102        _ => s.to_string(),
 103    }
 104}
 105
 106/// Takes only `max_lines` from the string and, if there were more than `max_lines-1`, appends a
 107/// a newline and "..." to the string, so that `max_lines` are returned.
 108/// Returns string unchanged if its length is smaller than max_lines.
 109pub fn truncate_lines_and_trailoff(s: &str, max_lines: usize) -> String {
 110    let mut lines = s.lines().take(max_lines).collect::<Vec<_>>();
 111    if lines.len() > max_lines - 1 {
 112        lines.pop();
 113        lines.join("\n") + "\n…"
 114    } else {
 115        lines.join("\n")
 116    }
 117}
 118
 119/// Truncates the string at a character boundary, such that the result is less than `max_bytes` in
 120/// length.
 121pub fn truncate_to_byte_limit(s: &str, max_bytes: usize) -> &str {
 122    if s.len() < max_bytes {
 123        return s;
 124    }
 125
 126    for i in (0..max_bytes).rev() {
 127        if s.is_char_boundary(i) {
 128            return &s[..i];
 129        }
 130    }
 131
 132    ""
 133}
 134
 135/// Takes a prefix of complete lines which fit within the byte limit. If the first line is longer
 136/// than the limit, truncates at a character boundary.
 137pub fn truncate_lines_to_byte_limit(s: &str, max_bytes: usize) -> &str {
 138    if s.len() < max_bytes {
 139        return s;
 140    }
 141
 142    for i in (0..max_bytes).rev() {
 143        if s.is_char_boundary(i) && s.as_bytes()[i] == b'\n' {
 144            // Since the i-th character is \n, valid to slice at i + 1.
 145            return &s[..i + 1];
 146        }
 147    }
 148
 149    truncate_to_byte_limit(s, max_bytes)
 150}
 151
 152#[test]
 153fn test_truncate_lines_to_byte_limit() {
 154    let text = "Line 1\nLine 2\nLine 3\nLine 4";
 155
 156    // Limit that includes all lines
 157    assert_eq!(truncate_lines_to_byte_limit(text, 100), text);
 158
 159    // Exactly the first line
 160    assert_eq!(truncate_lines_to_byte_limit(text, 7), "Line 1\n");
 161
 162    // Limit between lines
 163    assert_eq!(truncate_lines_to_byte_limit(text, 13), "Line 1\n");
 164    assert_eq!(truncate_lines_to_byte_limit(text, 20), "Line 1\nLine 2\n");
 165
 166    // Limit before first newline
 167    assert_eq!(truncate_lines_to_byte_limit(text, 6), "Line ");
 168
 169    // Test with non-ASCII characters
 170    let text_utf8 = "Line 1\nLΓ­ne 2\nLine 3";
 171    assert_eq!(
 172        truncate_lines_to_byte_limit(text_utf8, 15),
 173        "Line 1\nLΓ­ne 2\n"
 174    );
 175}
 176
 177pub fn post_inc<T: From<u8> + AddAssign<T> + Copy>(value: &mut T) -> T {
 178    let prev = *value;
 179    *value += T::from(1);
 180    prev
 181}
 182
 183/// Extend a sorted vector with a sorted sequence of items, maintaining the vector's sort order and
 184/// enforcing a maximum length. This also de-duplicates items. Sort the items according to the given callback. Before calling this,
 185/// both `vec` and `new_items` should already be sorted according to the `cmp` comparator.
 186pub fn extend_sorted<T, I, F>(vec: &mut Vec<T>, new_items: I, limit: usize, mut cmp: F)
 187where
 188    I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
 189    F: FnMut(&T, &T) -> Ordering,
 190{
 191    let mut start_index = 0;
 192    for new_item in new_items {
 193        if let Err(i) = vec[start_index..].binary_search_by(|m| cmp(m, &new_item)) {
 194            let index = start_index + i;
 195            if vec.len() < limit {
 196                vec.insert(index, new_item);
 197            } else if index < vec.len() {
 198                vec.pop();
 199                vec.insert(index, new_item);
 200            }
 201            start_index = index;
 202        }
 203    }
 204}
 205
 206pub fn truncate_to_bottom_n_sorted_by<T, F>(items: &mut Vec<T>, limit: usize, compare: &F)
 207where
 208    F: Fn(&T, &T) -> Ordering,
 209{
 210    if limit == 0 {
 211        items.truncate(0);
 212    }
 213    if items.len() <= limit {
 214        items.sort_by(compare);
 215        return;
 216    }
 217    // When limit is near to items.len() it may be more efficient to sort the whole list and
 218    // truncate, rather than always doing selection first as is done below. It's hard to analyze
 219    // where the threshold for this should be since the quickselect style algorithm used by
 220    // `select_nth_unstable_by` makes the prefix partially sorted, and so its work is not wasted -
 221    // the expected number of comparisons needed by `sort_by` is less than it is for some arbitrary
 222    // unsorted input.
 223    items.select_nth_unstable_by(limit, compare);
 224    items.truncate(limit);
 225    items.sort_by(compare);
 226}
 227
 228/// Prevents execution of the application with root privileges on Unix systems.
 229///
 230/// This function checks if the current process is running with root privileges
 231/// and terminates the program with an error message unless explicitly allowed via the
 232/// `ZED_ALLOW_ROOT` environment variable.
 233#[cfg(unix)]
 234pub fn prevent_root_execution() {
 235    let is_root = nix::unistd::geteuid().is_root();
 236    let allow_root = std::env::var("ZED_ALLOW_ROOT").is_ok_and(|val| val == "true");
 237
 238    if is_root && !allow_root {
 239        eprintln!(
 240            "\
 241Error: Running Zed as root or via sudo is unsupported.
 242       Doing so (even once) may subtly break things for all subsequent non-root usage of Zed.
 243       It is untested and not recommended, don't complain when things break.
 244       If you wish to proceed anyways, set `ZED_ALLOW_ROOT=true` in your environment."
 245        );
 246        std::process::exit(1);
 247    }
 248}
 249
 250#[cfg(unix)]
 251fn load_shell_from_passwd() -> Result<()> {
 252    let buflen = match unsafe { libc::sysconf(libc::_SC_GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX) } {
 253        n if n < 0 => 1024,
 254        n => n as usize,
 255    };
 256    let mut buffer = Vec::with_capacity(buflen);
 257
 258    let mut pwd: std::mem::MaybeUninit<libc::passwd> = std::mem::MaybeUninit::uninit();
 259    let mut result: *mut libc::passwd = std::ptr::null_mut();
 260
 261    let uid = unsafe { libc::getuid() };
 262    let status = unsafe {
 263        libc::getpwuid_r(
 264            uid,
 265            pwd.as_mut_ptr(),
 266            buffer.as_mut_ptr() as *mut libc::c_char,
 267            buflen,
 268            &mut result,
 269        )
 270    };
 271    anyhow::ensure!(!result.is_null(), "passwd entry for uid {} not found", uid);
 272
 273    // SAFETY: If `getpwuid_r` doesn't error, we have the entry here.
 274    let entry = unsafe { pwd.assume_init() };
 275
 276    anyhow::ensure!(
 277        status == 0,
 278        "call to getpwuid_r failed. uid: {}, status: {}",
 279        uid,
 280        status
 281    );
 282    anyhow::ensure!(
 283        entry.pw_uid == uid,
 284        "passwd entry has different uid ({}) than getuid ({}) returned",
 285        entry.pw_uid,
 286        uid,
 287    );
 288
 289    let shell = unsafe { std::ffi::CStr::from_ptr(entry.pw_shell).to_str().unwrap() };
 290    let should_set_shell = env::var("SHELL").map_or(true, |shell_env| {
 291        shell_env != shell && !std::path::Path::new(&shell_env).exists()
 292    });
 293
 294    if should_set_shell {
 295        log::info!(
 296            "updating SHELL environment variable to value from passwd entry: {:?}",
 297            shell,
 298        );
 299        unsafe { env::set_var("SHELL", shell) };
 300    }
 301
 302    Ok(())
 303}
 304
 305/// Returns a shell escaped path for the current zed executable
 306pub fn get_shell_safe_zed_path(shell_kind: shell::ShellKind) -> anyhow::Result<String> {
 307    let mut zed_path =
 308        std::env::current_exe().context("Failed to determine current zed executable path.")?;
 309    if cfg!(target_os = "linux")
 310        && !zed_path.is_file()
 311        && let Some(truncated) = zed_path
 312            .clone()
 313            .file_name()
 314            .and_then(|s| s.to_str())
 315            .and_then(|n| n.strip_suffix(" (deleted)"))
 316    {
 317        // Might have been deleted during update; let's use the new binary if there is one.
 318        zed_path.set_file_name(truncated);
 319    }
 320
 321    zed_path
 322        .try_shell_safe(shell_kind)
 323        .context("Failed to shell-escape Zed executable path.")
 324}
 325
 326/// Returns a path for the zed cli executable, this function
 327/// should be called from the zed executable, not zed-cli.
 328pub fn get_zed_cli_path() -> Result<PathBuf> {
 329    let zed_path =
 330        std::env::current_exe().context("Failed to determine current zed executable path.")?;
 331    let parent = zed_path
 332        .parent()
 333        .context("Failed to determine parent directory of zed executable path.")?;
 334
 335    let possible_locations: &[&str] = if cfg!(target_os = "macos") {
 336        // On macOS, the zed executable and zed-cli are inside the app bundle,
 337        // so here ./cli is for both installed and development builds.
 338        &["./cli"]
 339    } else if cfg!(target_os = "windows") {
 340        // bin/zed.exe is for installed builds, ./cli.exe is for development builds.
 341        &["bin/zed.exe", "./cli.exe"]
 342    } else if cfg!(target_os = "linux") || cfg!(target_os = "freebsd") {
 343        // bin is the standard, ./cli is for the target directory in development builds.
 344        &["../bin/zed", "./cli"]
 345    } else {
 346        anyhow::bail!("unsupported platform for determining zed-cli path");
 347    };
 348
 349    possible_locations
 350        .iter()
 351        .find_map(|p| {
 352            parent
 353                .join(p)
 354                .canonicalize()
 355                .ok()
 356                .filter(|p| p != &zed_path)
 357        })
 358        .with_context(|| {
 359            format!(
 360                "could not find zed-cli from any of: {}",
 361                possible_locations.join(", ")
 362            )
 363        })
 364}
 365
 366#[cfg(unix)]
 367pub async fn load_login_shell_environment() -> Result<()> {
 368    load_shell_from_passwd().log_err();
 369
 370    // If possible, we want to `cd` in the user's `$HOME` to trigger programs
 371    // such as direnv, asdf, mise, ... to adjust the PATH. These tools often hook
 372    // into shell's `cd` command (and hooks) to manipulate env.
 373    // We do this so that we get the env a user would have when spawning a shell
 374    // in home directory.
 375    for (name, value) in shell_env::capture(get_system_shell(), &[], paths::home_dir())
 376        .await
 377        .with_context(|| format!("capturing environment with {:?}", get_system_shell()))?
 378    {
 379        // Skip SHLVL to prevent it from polluting Zed's process environment.
 380        // The login shell used for env capture increments SHLVL, and if we propagate it,
 381        // terminals spawned by Zed will inherit it and increment again, causing SHLVL
 382        // to start at 2 instead of 1 (and increase by 2 on each reload).
 383        if name == "SHLVL" {
 384            continue;
 385        }
 386        unsafe { env::set_var(&name, &value) };
 387    }
 388
 389    log::info!(
 390        "set environment variables from shell:{}, path:{}",
 391        std::env::var("SHELL").unwrap_or_default(),
 392        std::env::var("PATH").unwrap_or_default(),
 393    );
 394
 395    Ok(())
 396}
 397
 398/// Configures the process to start a new session, to prevent interactive shells from taking control
 399/// of the terminal.
 400///
 401/// For more details: <https://registerspill.thorstenball.com/p/how-to-lose-control-of-your-shell>
 402pub fn set_pre_exec_to_start_new_session(
 403    command: &mut std::process::Command,
 404) -> &mut std::process::Command {
 405    // safety: code in pre_exec should be signal safe.
 406    // https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/signal-safety.7.html
 407    #[cfg(not(target_os = "windows"))]
 408    unsafe {
 409        use std::os::unix::process::CommandExt;
 410        command.pre_exec(|| {
 411            libc::setsid();
 412            #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
 413            crate::command::reset_exception_ports();
 414            Ok(())
 415        });
 416    };
 417    command
 418}
 419
 420pub fn merge_json_lenient_value_into(
 421    source: serde_json_lenient::Value,
 422    target: &mut serde_json_lenient::Value,
 423) {
 424    match (source, target) {
 425        (serde_json_lenient::Value::Object(source), serde_json_lenient::Value::Object(target)) => {
 426            for (key, value) in source {
 427                if let Some(target) = target.get_mut(&key) {
 428                    merge_json_lenient_value_into(value, target);
 429                } else {
 430                    target.insert(key, value);
 431                }
 432            }
 433        }
 434
 435        (serde_json_lenient::Value::Array(source), serde_json_lenient::Value::Array(target)) => {
 436            for value in source {
 437                target.push(value);
 438            }
 439        }
 440
 441        (source, target) => *target = source,
 442    }
 443}
 444
 445pub fn merge_json_value_into(source: serde_json::Value, target: &mut serde_json::Value) {
 446    use serde_json::Value;
 447
 448    match (source, target) {
 449        (Value::Object(source), Value::Object(target)) => {
 450            for (key, value) in source {
 451                if let Some(target) = target.get_mut(&key) {
 452                    merge_json_value_into(value, target);
 453                } else {
 454                    target.insert(key, value);
 455                }
 456            }
 457        }
 458
 459        (Value::Array(source), Value::Array(target)) => {
 460            for value in source {
 461                target.push(value);
 462            }
 463        }
 464
 465        (source, target) => *target = source,
 466    }
 467}
 468
 469pub fn merge_non_null_json_value_into(source: serde_json::Value, target: &mut serde_json::Value) {
 470    use serde_json::Value;
 471    if let Value::Object(source_object) = source {
 472        let target_object = if let Value::Object(target) = target {
 473            target
 474        } else {
 475            *target = Value::Object(Default::default());
 476            target.as_object_mut().unwrap()
 477        };
 478        for (key, value) in source_object {
 479            if let Some(target) = target_object.get_mut(&key) {
 480                merge_non_null_json_value_into(value, target);
 481            } else if !value.is_null() {
 482                target_object.insert(key, value);
 483            }
 484        }
 485    } else if !source.is_null() {
 486        *target = source
 487    }
 488}
 489
 490pub fn measure<R>(label: &str, f: impl FnOnce() -> R) -> R {
 491    static ZED_MEASUREMENTS: OnceLock<bool> = OnceLock::new();
 492    let zed_measurements = ZED_MEASUREMENTS.get_or_init(|| {
 493        env::var("ZED_MEASUREMENTS")
 494            .map(|measurements| measurements == "1" || measurements == "true")
 495            .unwrap_or(false)
 496    });
 497
 498    if *zed_measurements {
 499        let start = Instant::now();
 500        let result = f();
 501        let elapsed = start.elapsed();
 502        eprintln!("{}: {:?}", label, elapsed);
 503        result
 504    } else {
 505        f()
 506    }
 507}
 508
 509pub fn expanded_and_wrapped_usize_range(
 510    range: Range<usize>,
 511    additional_before: usize,
 512    additional_after: usize,
 513    wrap_length: usize,
 514) -> impl Iterator<Item = usize> {
 515    let start_wraps = range.start < additional_before;
 516    let end_wraps = wrap_length < range.end + additional_after;
 517    if start_wraps && end_wraps {
 518        Either::Left(0..wrap_length)
 519    } else if start_wraps {
 520        let wrapped_start = (range.start + wrap_length).saturating_sub(additional_before);
 521        if wrapped_start <= range.end {
 522            Either::Left(0..wrap_length)
 523        } else {
 524            Either::Right((0..range.end + additional_after).chain(wrapped_start..wrap_length))
 525        }
 526    } else if end_wraps {
 527        let wrapped_end = range.end + additional_after - wrap_length;
 528        if range.start <= wrapped_end {
 529            Either::Left(0..wrap_length)
 530        } else {
 531            Either::Right((0..wrapped_end).chain(range.start - additional_before..wrap_length))
 532        }
 533    } else {
 534        Either::Left((range.start - additional_before)..(range.end + additional_after))
 535    }
 536}
 537
 538/// Yields `[i, i + 1, i - 1, i + 2, ..]`, each modulo `wrap_length` and bounded by
 539/// `additional_before` and `additional_after`. If the wrapping causes overlap, duplicates are not
 540/// emitted. If wrap_length is 0, nothing is yielded.
 541pub fn wrapped_usize_outward_from(
 542    start: usize,
 543    additional_before: usize,
 544    additional_after: usize,
 545    wrap_length: usize,
 546) -> impl Iterator<Item = usize> {
 547    let mut count = 0;
 548    let mut after_offset = 1;
 549    let mut before_offset = 1;
 550
 551    std::iter::from_fn(move || {
 552        count += 1;
 553        if count > wrap_length {
 554            None
 555        } else if count == 1 {
 556            Some(start % wrap_length)
 557        } else if after_offset <= additional_after && after_offset <= before_offset {
 558            let value = (start + after_offset) % wrap_length;
 559            after_offset += 1;
 560            Some(value)
 561        } else if before_offset <= additional_before {
 562            let value = (start + wrap_length - before_offset) % wrap_length;
 563            before_offset += 1;
 564            Some(value)
 565        } else if after_offset <= additional_after {
 566            let value = (start + after_offset) % wrap_length;
 567            after_offset += 1;
 568            Some(value)
 569        } else {
 570            None
 571        }
 572    })
 573}
 574
 575pub trait ResultExt<E> {
 576    type Ok;
 577
 578    fn log_err(self) -> Option<Self::Ok>;
 579    /// Assert that this result should never be an error in development or tests.
 580    fn debug_assert_ok(self, reason: &str) -> Self;
 581    fn warn_on_err(self) -> Option<Self::Ok>;
 582    fn log_with_level(self, level: log::Level) -> Option<Self::Ok>;
 583    fn anyhow(self) -> anyhow::Result<Self::Ok>
 584    where
 585        E: Into<anyhow::Error>;
 586}
 587
 588impl<T, E> ResultExt<E> for Result<T, E>
 589where
 590    E: std::fmt::Debug,
 591{
 592    type Ok = T;
 593
 594    #[track_caller]
 595    fn log_err(self) -> Option<T> {
 596        self.log_with_level(log::Level::Error)
 597    }
 598
 599    #[track_caller]
 600    fn debug_assert_ok(self, reason: &str) -> Self {
 601        if let Err(error) = &self {
 602            debug_panic!("{reason} - {error:?}");
 603        }
 604        self
 605    }
 606
 607    #[track_caller]
 608    fn warn_on_err(self) -> Option<T> {
 609        self.log_with_level(log::Level::Warn)
 610    }
 611
 612    #[track_caller]
 613    fn log_with_level(self, level: log::Level) -> Option<T> {
 614        match self {
 615            Ok(value) => Some(value),
 616            Err(error) => {
 617                log_error_with_caller(*Location::caller(), error, level);
 618                None
 619            }
 620        }
 621    }
 622
 623    fn anyhow(self) -> anyhow::Result<T>
 624    where
 625        E: Into<anyhow::Error>,
 626    {
 627        self.map_err(Into::into)
 628    }
 629}
 630
 631fn log_error_with_caller<E>(caller: core::panic::Location<'_>, error: E, level: log::Level)
 632where
 633    E: std::fmt::Debug,
 634{
 635    #[cfg(not(target_os = "windows"))]
 636    let file = caller.file();
 637    #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
 638    let file = caller.file().replace('\\', "/");
 639    // In this codebase all crates reside in a `crates` directory,
 640    // so discard the prefix up to that segment to find the crate name
 641    let file = file.split_once("crates/");
 642    let target = file.as_ref().and_then(|(_, s)| s.split_once("/src/"));
 643
 644    let module_path = target.map(|(krate, module)| {
 645        if module.starts_with(krate) {
 646            module.trim_end_matches(".rs").replace('/', "::")
 647        } else {
 648            krate.to_owned() + "::" + &module.trim_end_matches(".rs").replace('/', "::")
 649        }
 650    });
 651    let file = file.map(|(_, file)| format!("crates/{file}"));
 652    log::logger().log(
 653        &log::Record::builder()
 654            .target(module_path.as_deref().unwrap_or(""))
 655            .module_path(file.as_deref())
 656            .args(format_args!("{:?}", error))
 657            .file(Some(caller.file()))
 658            .line(Some(caller.line()))
 659            .level(level)
 660            .build(),
 661    );
 662}
 663
 664pub fn log_err<E: std::fmt::Debug>(error: &E) {
 665    log_error_with_caller(*Location::caller(), error, log::Level::Error);
 666}
 667
 668pub trait TryFutureExt {
 669    fn log_err(self) -> LogErrorFuture<Self>
 670    where
 671        Self: Sized;
 672
 673    fn log_tracked_err(self, location: core::panic::Location<'static>) -> LogErrorFuture<Self>
 674    where
 675        Self: Sized;
 676
 677    fn warn_on_err(self) -> LogErrorFuture<Self>
 678    where
 679        Self: Sized;
 680    fn unwrap(self) -> UnwrapFuture<Self>
 681    where
 682        Self: Sized;
 683}
 684
 685impl<F, T, E> TryFutureExt for F
 686where
 687    F: Future<Output = Result<T, E>>,
 688    E: std::fmt::Debug,
 689{
 690    #[track_caller]
 691    fn log_err(self) -> LogErrorFuture<Self>
 692    where
 693        Self: Sized,
 694    {
 695        let location = Location::caller();
 696        LogErrorFuture(self, log::Level::Error, *location)
 697    }
 698
 699    fn log_tracked_err(self, location: core::panic::Location<'static>) -> LogErrorFuture<Self>
 700    where
 701        Self: Sized,
 702    {
 703        LogErrorFuture(self, log::Level::Error, location)
 704    }
 705
 706    #[track_caller]
 707    fn warn_on_err(self) -> LogErrorFuture<Self>
 708    where
 709        Self: Sized,
 710    {
 711        let location = Location::caller();
 712        LogErrorFuture(self, log::Level::Warn, *location)
 713    }
 714
 715    fn unwrap(self) -> UnwrapFuture<Self>
 716    where
 717        Self: Sized,
 718    {
 719        UnwrapFuture(self)
 720    }
 721}
 722
 723#[must_use]
 724pub struct LogErrorFuture<F>(F, log::Level, core::panic::Location<'static>);
 725
 726impl<F, T, E> Future for LogErrorFuture<F>
 727where
 728    F: Future<Output = Result<T, E>>,
 729    E: std::fmt::Debug,
 730{
 731    type Output = Option<T>;
 732
 733    fn poll(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context) -> Poll<Self::Output> {
 734        let level = self.1;
 735        let location = self.2;
 736        let inner = unsafe { Pin::new_unchecked(&mut self.get_unchecked_mut().0) };
 737        match inner.poll(cx) {
 738            Poll::Ready(output) => Poll::Ready(match output {
 739                Ok(output) => Some(output),
 740                Err(error) => {
 741                    log_error_with_caller(location, error, level);
 742                    None
 743                }
 744            }),
 745            Poll::Pending => Poll::Pending,
 746        }
 747    }
 748}
 749
 750pub struct UnwrapFuture<F>(F);
 751
 752impl<F, T, E> Future for UnwrapFuture<F>
 753where
 754    F: Future<Output = Result<T, E>>,
 755    E: std::fmt::Debug,
 756{
 757    type Output = T;
 758
 759    fn poll(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context) -> Poll<Self::Output> {
 760        let inner = unsafe { Pin::new_unchecked(&mut self.get_unchecked_mut().0) };
 761        match inner.poll(cx) {
 762            Poll::Ready(result) => Poll::Ready(result.unwrap()),
 763            Poll::Pending => Poll::Pending,
 764        }
 765    }
 766}
 767
 768pub struct Deferred<F: FnOnce()>(Option<F>);
 769
 770impl<F: FnOnce()> Deferred<F> {
 771    /// Drop without running the deferred function.
 772    pub fn abort(mut self) {
 773        self.0.take();
 774    }
 775}
 776
 777impl<F: FnOnce()> Drop for Deferred<F> {
 778    fn drop(&mut self) {
 779        if let Some(f) = self.0.take() {
 780            f()
 781        }
 782    }
 783}
 784
 785/// Run the given function when the returned value is dropped (unless it's cancelled).
 786#[must_use]
 787pub fn defer<F: FnOnce()>(f: F) -> Deferred<F> {
 788    Deferred(Some(f))
 789}
 790
 791#[cfg(any(test, feature = "test-support"))]
 792mod rng {
 793    use rand::prelude::*;
 794
 795    pub struct RandomCharIter<T: Rng> {
 796        rng: T,
 797        simple_text: bool,
 798    }
 799
 800    impl<T: Rng> RandomCharIter<T> {
 801        pub fn new(rng: T) -> Self {
 802            Self {
 803                rng,
 804                simple_text: std::env::var("SIMPLE_TEXT").is_ok_and(|v| !v.is_empty()),
 805            }
 806        }
 807
 808        pub fn with_simple_text(mut self) -> Self {
 809            self.simple_text = true;
 810            self
 811        }
 812    }
 813
 814    impl<T: Rng> Iterator for RandomCharIter<T> {
 815        type Item = char;
 816
 817        fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
 818            if self.simple_text {
 819                return if self.rng.random_range(0..100) < 5 {
 820                    Some('\n')
 821                } else {
 822                    Some(self.rng.random_range(b'a'..b'z' + 1).into())
 823                };
 824            }
 825
 826            match self.rng.random_range(0..100) {
 827                // whitespace
 828                0..=19 => [' ', '\n', '\r', '\t'].choose(&mut self.rng).copied(),
 829                // two-byte greek letters
 830                20..=32 => char::from_u32(self.rng.random_range(('Ξ±' as u32)..('Ο‰' as u32 + 1))),
 831                // // three-byte characters
 832                33..=45 => ['βœ‹', 'βœ…', '❌', '❎', '⭐']
 833                    .choose(&mut self.rng)
 834                    .copied(),
 835                // // four-byte characters
 836                46..=58 => ['🍐', 'πŸ€', 'πŸ—', 'πŸŽ‰'].choose(&mut self.rng).copied(),
 837                // ascii letters
 838                _ => Some(self.rng.random_range(b'a'..b'z' + 1).into()),
 839            }
 840        }
 841    }
 842}
 843#[cfg(any(test, feature = "test-support"))]
 844pub use rng::RandomCharIter;
 845
 846/// Get an embedded file as a string.
 847pub fn asset_str<A: rust_embed::RustEmbed>(path: &str) -> Cow<'static, str> {
 848    match A::get(path).expect(path).data {
 849        Cow::Borrowed(bytes) => Cow::Borrowed(std::str::from_utf8(bytes).unwrap()),
 850        Cow::Owned(bytes) => Cow::Owned(String::from_utf8(bytes).unwrap()),
 851    }
 852}
 853
 854/// Expands to an immediately-invoked function expression. Good for using the ? operator
 855/// in functions which do not return an Option or Result.
 856///
 857/// Accepts a normal block, an async block, or an async move block.
 858#[macro_export]
 859macro_rules! maybe {
 860    ($block:block) => {
 861        (|| $block)()
 862    };
 863    (async $block:block) => {
 864        (async || $block)()
 865    };
 866    (async move $block:block) => {
 867        (async move || $block)()
 868    };
 869}
 870
 871pub trait RangeExt<T> {
 872    fn sorted(&self) -> Self;
 873    fn to_inclusive(&self) -> RangeInclusive<T>;
 874    fn overlaps(&self, other: &Range<T>) -> bool;
 875    fn contains_inclusive(&self, other: &Range<T>) -> bool;
 876}
 877
 878impl<T: Ord + Clone> RangeExt<T> for Range<T> {
 879    fn sorted(&self) -> Self {
 880        cmp::min(&self.start, &self.end).clone()..cmp::max(&self.start, &self.end).clone()
 881    }
 882
 883    fn to_inclusive(&self) -> RangeInclusive<T> {
 884        self.start.clone()..=self.end.clone()
 885    }
 886
 887    fn overlaps(&self, other: &Range<T>) -> bool {
 888        self.start < other.end && other.start < self.end
 889    }
 890
 891    fn contains_inclusive(&self, other: &Range<T>) -> bool {
 892        self.start <= other.start && other.end <= self.end
 893    }
 894}
 895
 896impl<T: Ord + Clone> RangeExt<T> for RangeInclusive<T> {
 897    fn sorted(&self) -> Self {
 898        cmp::min(self.start(), self.end()).clone()..=cmp::max(self.start(), self.end()).clone()
 899    }
 900
 901    fn to_inclusive(&self) -> RangeInclusive<T> {
 902        self.clone()
 903    }
 904
 905    fn overlaps(&self, other: &Range<T>) -> bool {
 906        self.start() < &other.end && &other.start <= self.end()
 907    }
 908
 909    fn contains_inclusive(&self, other: &Range<T>) -> bool {
 910        self.start() <= &other.start && &other.end <= self.end()
 911    }
 912}
 913
 914/// A way to sort strings with starting numbers numerically first, falling back to alphanumeric one,
 915/// case-insensitive.
 916///
 917/// This is useful for turning regular alphanumerically sorted sequences as `1-abc, 10, 11-def, .., 2, 21-abc`
 918/// into `1-abc, 2, 10, 11-def, .., 21-abc`
 919#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 920pub struct NumericPrefixWithSuffix<'a>(Option<u64>, &'a str);
 921
 922impl<'a> NumericPrefixWithSuffix<'a> {
 923    pub fn from_numeric_prefixed_str(str: &'a str) -> Self {
 924        let i = str.chars().take_while(|c| c.is_ascii_digit()).count();
 925        let (prefix, remainder) = str.split_at(i);
 926
 927        let prefix = prefix.parse().ok();
 928        Self(prefix, remainder)
 929    }
 930}
 931
 932/// When dealing with equality, we need to consider the case of the strings to achieve strict equality
 933/// to handle cases like "a" < "A" instead of "a" == "A".
 934impl Ord for NumericPrefixWithSuffix<'_> {
 935    fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Ordering {
 936        match (self.0, other.0) {
 937            (None, None) => UniCase::new(self.1)
 938                .cmp(&UniCase::new(other.1))
 939                .then_with(|| self.1.cmp(other.1).reverse()),
 940            (None, Some(_)) => Ordering::Greater,
 941            (Some(_), None) => Ordering::Less,
 942            (Some(a), Some(b)) => a.cmp(&b).then_with(|| {
 943                UniCase::new(self.1)
 944                    .cmp(&UniCase::new(other.1))
 945                    .then_with(|| self.1.cmp(other.1).reverse())
 946            }),
 947        }
 948    }
 949}
 950
 951impl PartialOrd for NumericPrefixWithSuffix<'_> {
 952    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> {
 953        Some(self.cmp(other))
 954    }
 955}
 956
 957/// Capitalizes the first character of a string.
 958///
 959/// This function takes a string slice as input and returns a new `String` with the first character
 960/// capitalized.
 961///
 962/// # Examples
 963///
 964/// ```
 965/// use util::capitalize;
 966///
 967/// assert_eq!(capitalize("hello"), "Hello");
 968/// assert_eq!(capitalize("WORLD"), "WORLD");
 969/// assert_eq!(capitalize(""), "");
 970/// ```
 971pub fn capitalize(str: &str) -> String {
 972    let mut chars = str.chars();
 973    match chars.next() {
 974        None => String::new(),
 975        Some(first_char) => first_char.to_uppercase().collect::<String>() + chars.as_str(),
 976    }
 977}
 978
 979fn emoji_regex() -> &'static Regex {
 980    static EMOJI_REGEX: LazyLock<Regex> =
 981        LazyLock::new(|| Regex::new("(\\p{Emoji}|\u{200D})").unwrap());
 982    &EMOJI_REGEX
 983}
 984
 985/// Returns true if the given string consists of emojis only.
 986/// E.g. "πŸ‘¨β€πŸ‘©β€πŸ‘§β€πŸ‘§πŸ‘‹" will return true, but "πŸ‘‹!" will return false.
 987pub fn word_consists_of_emojis(s: &str) -> bool {
 988    let mut prev_end = 0;
 989    for capture in emoji_regex().find_iter(s) {
 990        if capture.start() != prev_end {
 991            return false;
 992        }
 993        prev_end = capture.end();
 994    }
 995    prev_end == s.len()
 996}
 997
 998/// Similar to `str::split`, but also provides byte-offset ranges of the results. Unlike
 999/// `str::split`, this is not generic on pattern types and does not return an `Iterator`.
1000pub fn split_str_with_ranges(s: &str, pat: impl Fn(char) -> bool) -> Vec<(Range<usize>, &str)> {
1001    let mut result = Vec::new();
1002    let mut start = 0;
1003
1004    for (i, ch) in s.char_indices() {
1005        if pat(ch) {
1006            if i > start {
1007                result.push((start..i, &s[start..i]));
1008            }
1009            start = i + ch.len_utf8();
1010        }
1011    }
1012
1013    if s.len() > start {
1014        result.push((start..s.len(), &s[start..s.len()]));
1015    }
1016
1017    result
1018}
1019
1020pub fn default<D: Default>() -> D {
1021    Default::default()
1022}
1023
1024pub use self::shell::{
1025    get_default_system_shell, get_default_system_shell_preferring_bash, get_system_shell,
1026};
1027
1028#[derive(Debug)]
1029pub enum ConnectionResult<O> {
1030    Timeout,
1031    ConnectionReset,
1032    Result(anyhow::Result<O>),
1033}
1034
1035impl<O> ConnectionResult<O> {
1036    pub fn into_response(self) -> anyhow::Result<O> {
1037        match self {
1038            ConnectionResult::Timeout => anyhow::bail!("Request timed out"),
1039            ConnectionResult::ConnectionReset => anyhow::bail!("Server reset the connection"),
1040            ConnectionResult::Result(r) => r,
1041        }
1042    }
1043}
1044
1045impl<O> From<anyhow::Result<O>> for ConnectionResult<O> {
1046    fn from(result: anyhow::Result<O>) -> Self {
1047        ConnectionResult::Result(result)
1048    }
1049}
1050
1051#[track_caller]
1052pub fn some_or_debug_panic<T>(option: Option<T>) -> Option<T> {
1053    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
1054    if option.is_none() {
1055        panic!("Unexpected None");
1056    }
1057    option
1058}
1059
1060#[cfg(test)]
1061mod tests {
1062    use super::*;
1063
1064    #[test]
1065    fn test_extend_sorted() {
1066        let mut vec = vec![];
1067
1068        extend_sorted(&mut vec, vec![21, 17, 13, 8, 1, 0], 5, |a, b| b.cmp(a));
1069        assert_eq!(vec, &[21, 17, 13, 8, 1]);
1070
1071        extend_sorted(&mut vec, vec![101, 19, 17, 8, 2], 8, |a, b| b.cmp(a));
1072        assert_eq!(vec, &[101, 21, 19, 17, 13, 8, 2, 1]);
1073
1074        extend_sorted(&mut vec, vec![1000, 19, 17, 9, 5], 8, |a, b| b.cmp(a));
1075        assert_eq!(vec, &[1000, 101, 21, 19, 17, 13, 9, 8]);
1076    }
1077
1078    #[test]
1079    fn test_truncate_to_bottom_n_sorted_by() {
1080        let mut vec: Vec<u32> = vec![5, 2, 3, 4, 1];
1081        truncate_to_bottom_n_sorted_by(&mut vec, 10, &u32::cmp);
1082        assert_eq!(vec, &[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
1083
1084        vec = vec![5, 2, 3, 4, 1];
1085        truncate_to_bottom_n_sorted_by(&mut vec, 5, &u32::cmp);
1086        assert_eq!(vec, &[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
1087
1088        vec = vec![5, 2, 3, 4, 1];
1089        truncate_to_bottom_n_sorted_by(&mut vec, 4, &u32::cmp);
1090        assert_eq!(vec, &[1, 2, 3, 4]);
1091
1092        vec = vec![5, 2, 3, 4, 1];
1093        truncate_to_bottom_n_sorted_by(&mut vec, 1, &u32::cmp);
1094        assert_eq!(vec, &[1]);
1095
1096        vec = vec![5, 2, 3, 4, 1];
1097        truncate_to_bottom_n_sorted_by(&mut vec, 0, &u32::cmp);
1098        assert!(vec.is_empty());
1099    }
1100
1101    #[test]
1102    fn test_iife() {
1103        fn option_returning_function() -> Option<()> {
1104            None
1105        }
1106
1107        let foo = maybe!({
1108            option_returning_function()?;
1109            Some(())
1110        });
1111
1112        assert_eq!(foo, None);
1113    }
1114
1115    #[test]
1116    fn test_truncate_and_trailoff() {
1117        assert_eq!(truncate_and_trailoff("", 5), "");
1118        assert_eq!(truncate_and_trailoff("aaaaaa", 7), "aaaaaa");
1119        assert_eq!(truncate_and_trailoff("aaaaaa", 6), "aaaaaa");
1120        assert_eq!(truncate_and_trailoff("aaaaaa", 5), "aaaaa…");
1121        assert_eq!(truncate_and_trailoff("èèèèèè", 7), "èèèèèè");
1122        assert_eq!(truncate_and_trailoff("èèèèèè", 6), "èèèèèè");
1123        assert_eq!(truncate_and_trailoff("èèèèèè", 5), "èèèèè…");
1124    }
1125
1126    #[test]
1127    fn test_truncate_and_remove_front() {
1128        assert_eq!(truncate_and_remove_front("", 5), "");
1129        assert_eq!(truncate_and_remove_front("aaaaaa", 7), "aaaaaa");
1130        assert_eq!(truncate_and_remove_front("aaaaaa", 6), "aaaaaa");
1131        assert_eq!(truncate_and_remove_front("aaaaaa", 5), "…aaaaa");
1132        assert_eq!(truncate_and_remove_front("èèèèèè", 7), "èèèèèè");
1133        assert_eq!(truncate_and_remove_front("èèèèèè", 6), "èèèèèè");
1134        assert_eq!(truncate_and_remove_front("èèèèèè", 5), "…èèèèè");
1135    }
1136
1137    #[test]
1138    fn test_numeric_prefix_str_method() {
1139        let target = "1a";
1140        assert_eq!(
1141            NumericPrefixWithSuffix::from_numeric_prefixed_str(target),
1142            NumericPrefixWithSuffix(Some(1), "a")
1143        );
1144
1145        let target = "12ab";
1146        assert_eq!(
1147            NumericPrefixWithSuffix::from_numeric_prefixed_str(target),
1148            NumericPrefixWithSuffix(Some(12), "ab")
1149        );
1150
1151        let target = "12_ab";
1152        assert_eq!(
1153            NumericPrefixWithSuffix::from_numeric_prefixed_str(target),
1154            NumericPrefixWithSuffix(Some(12), "_ab")
1155        );
1156
1157        let target = "1_2ab";
1158        assert_eq!(
1159            NumericPrefixWithSuffix::from_numeric_prefixed_str(target),
1160            NumericPrefixWithSuffix(Some(1), "_2ab")
1161        );
1162
1163        let target = "1.2";
1164        assert_eq!(
1165            NumericPrefixWithSuffix::from_numeric_prefixed_str(target),
1166            NumericPrefixWithSuffix(Some(1), ".2")
1167        );
1168
1169        let target = "1.2_a";
1170        assert_eq!(
1171            NumericPrefixWithSuffix::from_numeric_prefixed_str(target),
1172            NumericPrefixWithSuffix(Some(1), ".2_a")
1173        );
1174
1175        let target = "12.2_a";
1176        assert_eq!(
1177            NumericPrefixWithSuffix::from_numeric_prefixed_str(target),
1178            NumericPrefixWithSuffix(Some(12), ".2_a")
1179        );
1180
1181        let target = "12a.2_a";
1182        assert_eq!(
1183            NumericPrefixWithSuffix::from_numeric_prefixed_str(target),
1184            NumericPrefixWithSuffix(Some(12), "a.2_a")
1185        );
1186    }
1187
1188    #[test]
1189    fn test_numeric_prefix_with_suffix() {
1190        let mut sorted = vec!["1-abc", "10", "11def", "2", "21-abc"];
1191        sorted.sort_by_key(|s| NumericPrefixWithSuffix::from_numeric_prefixed_str(s));
1192        assert_eq!(sorted, ["1-abc", "2", "10", "11def", "21-abc"]);
1193
1194        for numeric_prefix_less in ["numeric_prefix_less", "aaa", "~β„’Β£"] {
1195            assert_eq!(
1196                NumericPrefixWithSuffix::from_numeric_prefixed_str(numeric_prefix_less),
1197                NumericPrefixWithSuffix(None, numeric_prefix_less),
1198                "String without numeric prefix `{numeric_prefix_less}` should not be converted into NumericPrefixWithSuffix"
1199            )
1200        }
1201    }
1202
1203    #[test]
1204    fn test_word_consists_of_emojis() {
1205        let words_to_test = vec![
1206            ("πŸ‘¨β€πŸ‘©β€πŸ‘§β€πŸ‘§πŸ‘‹πŸ₯’", true),
1207            ("πŸ‘‹", true),
1208            ("!πŸ‘‹", false),
1209            ("πŸ‘‹!", false),
1210            ("πŸ‘‹ ", false),
1211            (" πŸ‘‹", false),
1212            ("Test", false),
1213        ];
1214
1215        for (text, expected_result) in words_to_test {
1216            assert_eq!(word_consists_of_emojis(text), expected_result);
1217        }
1218    }
1219
1220    #[test]
1221    fn test_truncate_lines_and_trailoff() {
1222        let text = r#"Line 1
1223Line 2
1224Line 3"#;
1225
1226        assert_eq!(
1227            truncate_lines_and_trailoff(text, 2),
1228            r#"Line 1
1229…"#
1230        );
1231
1232        assert_eq!(
1233            truncate_lines_and_trailoff(text, 3),
1234            r#"Line 1
1235Line 2
1236…"#
1237        );
1238
1239        assert_eq!(
1240            truncate_lines_and_trailoff(text, 4),
1241            r#"Line 1
1242Line 2
1243Line 3"#
1244        );
1245    }
1246
1247    #[test]
1248    fn test_expanded_and_wrapped_usize_range() {
1249        // Neither wrap
1250        assert_eq!(
1251            expanded_and_wrapped_usize_range(2..4, 1, 1, 8).collect::<Vec<usize>>(),
1252            (1..5).collect::<Vec<usize>>()
1253        );
1254        // Start wraps
1255        assert_eq!(
1256            expanded_and_wrapped_usize_range(2..4, 3, 1, 8).collect::<Vec<usize>>(),
1257            ((0..5).chain(7..8)).collect::<Vec<usize>>()
1258        );
1259        // Start wraps all the way around
1260        assert_eq!(
1261            expanded_and_wrapped_usize_range(2..4, 5, 1, 8).collect::<Vec<usize>>(),
1262            (0..8).collect::<Vec<usize>>()
1263        );
1264        // Start wraps all the way around and past 0
1265        assert_eq!(
1266            expanded_and_wrapped_usize_range(2..4, 10, 1, 8).collect::<Vec<usize>>(),
1267            (0..8).collect::<Vec<usize>>()
1268        );
1269        // End wraps
1270        assert_eq!(
1271            expanded_and_wrapped_usize_range(3..5, 1, 4, 8).collect::<Vec<usize>>(),
1272            (0..1).chain(2..8).collect::<Vec<usize>>()
1273        );
1274        // End wraps all the way around
1275        assert_eq!(
1276            expanded_and_wrapped_usize_range(3..5, 1, 5, 8).collect::<Vec<usize>>(),
1277            (0..8).collect::<Vec<usize>>()
1278        );
1279        // End wraps all the way around and past the end
1280        assert_eq!(
1281            expanded_and_wrapped_usize_range(3..5, 1, 10, 8).collect::<Vec<usize>>(),
1282            (0..8).collect::<Vec<usize>>()
1283        );
1284        // Both start and end wrap
1285        assert_eq!(
1286            expanded_and_wrapped_usize_range(3..5, 4, 4, 8).collect::<Vec<usize>>(),
1287            (0..8).collect::<Vec<usize>>()
1288        );
1289    }
1290
1291    #[test]
1292    fn test_wrapped_usize_outward_from() {
1293        // No wrapping
1294        assert_eq!(
1295            wrapped_usize_outward_from(4, 2, 2, 10).collect::<Vec<usize>>(),
1296            vec![4, 5, 3, 6, 2]
1297        );
1298        // Wrapping at end
1299        assert_eq!(
1300            wrapped_usize_outward_from(8, 2, 3, 10).collect::<Vec<usize>>(),
1301            vec![8, 9, 7, 0, 6, 1]
1302        );
1303        // Wrapping at start
1304        assert_eq!(
1305            wrapped_usize_outward_from(1, 3, 2, 10).collect::<Vec<usize>>(),
1306            vec![1, 2, 0, 3, 9, 8]
1307        );
1308        // All values wrap around
1309        assert_eq!(
1310            wrapped_usize_outward_from(5, 10, 10, 8).collect::<Vec<usize>>(),
1311            vec![5, 6, 4, 7, 3, 0, 2, 1]
1312        );
1313        // None before / after
1314        assert_eq!(
1315            wrapped_usize_outward_from(3, 0, 0, 8).collect::<Vec<usize>>(),
1316            vec![3]
1317        );
1318        // Starting point already wrapped
1319        assert_eq!(
1320            wrapped_usize_outward_from(15, 2, 2, 10).collect::<Vec<usize>>(),
1321            vec![5, 6, 4, 7, 3]
1322        );
1323        // wrap_length of 0
1324        assert_eq!(
1325            wrapped_usize_outward_from(4, 2, 2, 0).collect::<Vec<usize>>(),
1326            Vec::<usize>::new()
1327        );
1328    }
1329
1330    #[test]
1331    fn test_split_with_ranges() {
1332        let input = "hi";
1333        let result = split_str_with_ranges(input, |c| c == ' ');
1334
1335        assert_eq!(result.len(), 1);
1336        assert_eq!(result[0], (0..2, "hi"));
1337
1338        let input = "hΓ©lloπŸ¦€world";
1339        let result = split_str_with_ranges(input, |c| c == 'πŸ¦€');
1340
1341        assert_eq!(result.len(), 2);
1342        assert_eq!(result[0], (0..6, "hΓ©llo")); // 'Γ©' is 2 bytes
1343        assert_eq!(result[1], (10..15, "world")); // 'πŸ¦€' is 4 bytes
1344    }
1345}