window.rs

   1use crate::{
   2    px, size, transparent_black, Action, AnyDrag, AnyView, AppContext, Arena, AsyncWindowContext,
   3    AvailableSpace, Bounds, Context, Corners, CursorStyle, DispatchActionListener, DispatchNodeId,
   4    DispatchTree, DisplayId, Edges, Effect, Entity, EntityId, EventEmitter, FileDropEvent, Flatten,
   5    Global, GlobalElementId, Hsla, KeyBinding, KeyContext, KeyDownEvent, KeyMatch, KeymatchMode,
   6    KeymatchResult, Keystroke, KeystrokeEvent, Model, ModelContext, Modifiers, MouseButton,
   7    MouseMoveEvent, MouseUpEvent, Pixels, PlatformAtlas, PlatformDisplay, PlatformInput,
   8    PlatformWindow, Point, PromptLevel, Render, ScaledPixels, SharedString, Size, SubscriberSet,
   9    Subscription, TaffyLayoutEngine, Task, View, VisualContext, WeakView, WindowAppearance,
  10    WindowBounds, WindowOptions, WindowTextSystem,
  11};
  12use anyhow::{anyhow, Context as _, Result};
  13use collections::FxHashSet;
  14use derive_more::{Deref, DerefMut};
  15use futures::{
  16    channel::{mpsc, oneshot},
  17    StreamExt,
  18};
  19use parking_lot::RwLock;
  20use slotmap::SlotMap;
  21use smallvec::SmallVec;
  22use std::{
  23    any::{Any, TypeId},
  24    borrow::{Borrow, BorrowMut},
  25    cell::{Cell, RefCell},
  26    collections::hash_map::Entry,
  27    fmt::{Debug, Display},
  28    future::Future,
  29    hash::{Hash, Hasher},
  30    marker::PhantomData,
  31    mem,
  32    rc::Rc,
  33    sync::{
  34        atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering::SeqCst},
  35        Arc,
  36    },
  37    time::{Duration, Instant},
  38};
  39use util::{measure, ResultExt};
  40
  41mod element_cx;
  42pub use element_cx::*;
  43
  44const ACTIVE_DRAG_Z_INDEX: u16 = 1;
  45
  46/// A global stacking order, which is created by stacking successive z-index values.
  47/// Each z-index will always be interpreted in the context of its parent z-index.
  48#[derive(Debug, Deref, DerefMut, Clone, Ord, PartialOrd, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
  49pub struct StackingOrder(SmallVec<[StackingContext; 64]>);
  50
  51/// A single entry in a primitive's z-index stacking order
  52#[derive(Clone, Ord, PartialOrd, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
  53pub struct StackingContext {
  54    pub(crate) z_index: u16,
  55    pub(crate) id: u16,
  56}
  57
  58impl std::fmt::Debug for StackingContext {
  59    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
  60        write!(f, "{{{}.{}}} ", self.z_index, self.id)
  61    }
  62}
  63
  64/// Represents the two different phases when dispatching events.
  65#[derive(Default, Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
  66pub enum DispatchPhase {
  67    /// After the capture phase comes the bubble phase, in which mouse event listeners are
  68    /// invoked front to back and keyboard event listeners are invoked from the focused element
  69    /// to the root of the element tree. This is the phase you'll most commonly want to use when
  70    /// registering event listeners.
  71    #[default]
  72    Bubble,
  73    /// During the initial capture phase, mouse event listeners are invoked back to front, and keyboard
  74    /// listeners are invoked from the root of the tree downward toward the focused element. This phase
  75    /// is used for special purposes such as clearing the "pressed" state for click events. If
  76    /// you stop event propagation during this phase, you need to know what you're doing. Handlers
  77    /// outside of the immediate region may rely on detecting non-local events during this phase.
  78    Capture,
  79}
  80
  81impl DispatchPhase {
  82    /// Returns true if this represents the "bubble" phase.
  83    pub fn bubble(self) -> bool {
  84        self == DispatchPhase::Bubble
  85    }
  86
  87    /// Returns true if this represents the "capture" phase.
  88    pub fn capture(self) -> bool {
  89        self == DispatchPhase::Capture
  90    }
  91}
  92
  93type AnyObserver = Box<dyn FnMut(&mut WindowContext) -> bool + 'static>;
  94
  95type AnyWindowFocusListener = Box<dyn FnMut(&FocusEvent, &mut WindowContext) -> bool + 'static>;
  96
  97struct FocusEvent {
  98    previous_focus_path: SmallVec<[FocusId; 8]>,
  99    current_focus_path: SmallVec<[FocusId; 8]>,
 100}
 101
 102slotmap::new_key_type! {
 103    /// A globally unique identifier for a focusable element.
 104    pub struct FocusId;
 105}
 106
 107thread_local! {
 108    pub(crate) static ELEMENT_ARENA: RefCell<Arena> = RefCell::new(Arena::new(8 * 1024 * 1024));
 109}
 110
 111impl FocusId {
 112    /// Obtains whether the element associated with this handle is currently focused.
 113    pub fn is_focused(&self, cx: &WindowContext) -> bool {
 114        cx.window.focus == Some(*self)
 115    }
 116
 117    /// Obtains whether the element associated with this handle contains the focused
 118    /// element or is itself focused.
 119    pub fn contains_focused(&self, cx: &WindowContext) -> bool {
 120        cx.focused()
 121            .map_or(false, |focused| self.contains(focused.id, cx))
 122    }
 123
 124    /// Obtains whether the element associated with this handle is contained within the
 125    /// focused element or is itself focused.
 126    pub fn within_focused(&self, cx: &WindowContext) -> bool {
 127        let focused = cx.focused();
 128        focused.map_or(false, |focused| focused.id.contains(*self, cx))
 129    }
 130
 131    /// Obtains whether this handle contains the given handle in the most recently rendered frame.
 132    pub(crate) fn contains(&self, other: Self, cx: &WindowContext) -> bool {
 133        cx.window
 134            .rendered_frame
 135            .dispatch_tree
 136            .focus_contains(*self, other)
 137    }
 138}
 139
 140/// A handle which can be used to track and manipulate the focused element in a window.
 141pub struct FocusHandle {
 142    pub(crate) id: FocusId,
 143    handles: Arc<RwLock<SlotMap<FocusId, AtomicUsize>>>,
 144}
 145
 146impl std::fmt::Debug for FocusHandle {
 147    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
 148        f.write_fmt(format_args!("FocusHandle({:?})", self.id))
 149    }
 150}
 151
 152impl FocusHandle {
 153    pub(crate) fn new(handles: &Arc<RwLock<SlotMap<FocusId, AtomicUsize>>>) -> Self {
 154        let id = handles.write().insert(AtomicUsize::new(1));
 155        Self {
 156            id,
 157            handles: handles.clone(),
 158        }
 159    }
 160
 161    pub(crate) fn for_id(
 162        id: FocusId,
 163        handles: &Arc<RwLock<SlotMap<FocusId, AtomicUsize>>>,
 164    ) -> Option<Self> {
 165        let lock = handles.read();
 166        let ref_count = lock.get(id)?;
 167        if ref_count.load(SeqCst) == 0 {
 168            None
 169        } else {
 170            ref_count.fetch_add(1, SeqCst);
 171            Some(Self {
 172                id,
 173                handles: handles.clone(),
 174            })
 175        }
 176    }
 177
 178    /// Moves the focus to the element associated with this handle.
 179    pub fn focus(&self, cx: &mut WindowContext) {
 180        cx.focus(self)
 181    }
 182
 183    /// Obtains whether the element associated with this handle is currently focused.
 184    pub fn is_focused(&self, cx: &WindowContext) -> bool {
 185        self.id.is_focused(cx)
 186    }
 187
 188    /// Obtains whether the element associated with this handle contains the focused
 189    /// element or is itself focused.
 190    pub fn contains_focused(&self, cx: &WindowContext) -> bool {
 191        self.id.contains_focused(cx)
 192    }
 193
 194    /// Obtains whether the element associated with this handle is contained within the
 195    /// focused element or is itself focused.
 196    pub fn within_focused(&self, cx: &WindowContext) -> bool {
 197        self.id.within_focused(cx)
 198    }
 199
 200    /// Obtains whether this handle contains the given handle in the most recently rendered frame.
 201    pub fn contains(&self, other: &Self, cx: &WindowContext) -> bool {
 202        self.id.contains(other.id, cx)
 203    }
 204}
 205
 206impl Clone for FocusHandle {
 207    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
 208        Self::for_id(self.id, &self.handles).unwrap()
 209    }
 210}
 211
 212impl PartialEq for FocusHandle {
 213    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
 214        self.id == other.id
 215    }
 216}
 217
 218impl Eq for FocusHandle {}
 219
 220impl Drop for FocusHandle {
 221    fn drop(&mut self) {
 222        self.handles
 223            .read()
 224            .get(self.id)
 225            .unwrap()
 226            .fetch_sub(1, SeqCst);
 227    }
 228}
 229
 230/// FocusableView allows users of your view to easily
 231/// focus it (using cx.focus_view(view))
 232pub trait FocusableView: 'static + Render {
 233    /// Returns the focus handle associated with this view.
 234    fn focus_handle(&self, cx: &AppContext) -> FocusHandle;
 235}
 236
 237/// ManagedView is a view (like a Modal, Popover, Menu, etc.)
 238/// where the lifecycle of the view is handled by another view.
 239pub trait ManagedView: FocusableView + EventEmitter<DismissEvent> {}
 240
 241impl<M: FocusableView + EventEmitter<DismissEvent>> ManagedView for M {}
 242
 243/// Emitted by implementers of [`ManagedView`] to indicate the view should be dismissed, such as when a view is presented as a modal.
 244pub struct DismissEvent;
 245
 246// Holds the state for a specific window.
 247#[doc(hidden)]
 248pub struct Window {
 249    pub(crate) handle: AnyWindowHandle,
 250    pub(crate) removed: bool,
 251    pub(crate) platform_window: Box<dyn PlatformWindow>,
 252    display_id: DisplayId,
 253    sprite_atlas: Arc<dyn PlatformAtlas>,
 254    text_system: Arc<WindowTextSystem>,
 255    pub(crate) rem_size: Pixels,
 256    pub(crate) viewport_size: Size<Pixels>,
 257    layout_engine: Option<TaffyLayoutEngine>,
 258    pub(crate) root_view: Option<AnyView>,
 259    pub(crate) element_id_stack: GlobalElementId,
 260    pub(crate) rendered_frame: Frame,
 261    pub(crate) next_frame: Frame,
 262    pub(crate) dirty_views: FxHashSet<EntityId>,
 263    pub(crate) focus_handles: Arc<RwLock<SlotMap<FocusId, AtomicUsize>>>,
 264    focus_listeners: SubscriberSet<(), AnyWindowFocusListener>,
 265    focus_lost_listeners: SubscriberSet<(), AnyObserver>,
 266    default_prevented: bool,
 267    mouse_position: Point<Pixels>,
 268    modifiers: Modifiers,
 269    scale_factor: f32,
 270    bounds: WindowBounds,
 271    bounds_observers: SubscriberSet<(), AnyObserver>,
 272    appearance: WindowAppearance,
 273    appearance_observers: SubscriberSet<(), AnyObserver>,
 274    active: bool,
 275    pub(crate) dirty: Rc<Cell<bool>>,
 276    pub(crate) last_input_timestamp: Rc<Cell<Instant>>,
 277    pub(crate) refreshing: bool,
 278    pub(crate) drawing: bool,
 279    activation_observers: SubscriberSet<(), AnyObserver>,
 280    pub(crate) focus: Option<FocusId>,
 281    focus_enabled: bool,
 282    pending_input: Option<PendingInput>,
 283
 284    #[cfg(any(test, feature = "test-support"))]
 285    pub(crate) focus_invalidated: bool,
 286}
 287
 288#[derive(Default, Debug)]
 289struct PendingInput {
 290    keystrokes: SmallVec<[Keystroke; 1]>,
 291    bindings: SmallVec<[KeyBinding; 1]>,
 292    focus: Option<FocusId>,
 293    timer: Option<Task<()>>,
 294}
 295
 296impl PendingInput {
 297    fn is_noop(&self) -> bool {
 298        self.bindings.is_empty() && (self.keystrokes.iter().all(|k| k.ime_key.is_none()))
 299    }
 300
 301    fn input(&self) -> String {
 302        self.keystrokes
 303            .iter()
 304            .flat_map(|k| k.ime_key.clone())
 305            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
 306            .join("")
 307    }
 308
 309    fn used_by_binding(&self, binding: &KeyBinding) -> bool {
 310        if self.keystrokes.is_empty() {
 311            return true;
 312        }
 313        let keystroke = &self.keystrokes[0];
 314        for candidate in keystroke.match_candidates() {
 315            if binding.match_keystrokes(&[candidate]) == KeyMatch::Pending {
 316                return true;
 317            }
 318        }
 319        false
 320    }
 321}
 322
 323pub(crate) struct ElementStateBox {
 324    pub(crate) inner: Box<dyn Any>,
 325    pub(crate) parent_view_id: EntityId,
 326    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 327    pub(crate) type_name: &'static str,
 328}
 329
 330impl Window {
 331    pub(crate) fn new(
 332        handle: AnyWindowHandle,
 333        options: WindowOptions,
 334        cx: &mut AppContext,
 335    ) -> Self {
 336        let platform_window = cx.platform.open_window(handle, options);
 337        let display_id = platform_window.display().id();
 338        let sprite_atlas = platform_window.sprite_atlas();
 339        let mouse_position = platform_window.mouse_position();
 340        let modifiers = platform_window.modifiers();
 341        let content_size = platform_window.content_size();
 342        let scale_factor = platform_window.scale_factor();
 343        let bounds = platform_window.bounds();
 344        let appearance = platform_window.appearance();
 345        let text_system = Arc::new(WindowTextSystem::new(cx.text_system().clone()));
 346        let dirty = Rc::new(Cell::new(false));
 347        let last_input_timestamp = Rc::new(Cell::new(Instant::now()));
 348
 349        platform_window.on_request_frame(Box::new({
 350            let mut cx = cx.to_async();
 351            let dirty = dirty.clone();
 352            let last_input_timestamp = last_input_timestamp.clone();
 353            move || {
 354                if dirty.get() {
 355                    measure("frame duration", || {
 356                        handle
 357                            .update(&mut cx, |_, cx| {
 358                                cx.draw();
 359                                cx.present();
 360                            })
 361                            .log_err();
 362                    })
 363                } else if last_input_timestamp.get().elapsed() < Duration::from_secs(2) {
 364                    // Keep presenting the current scene for 2 extra seconds since the
 365                    // last input to prevent the display from underclocking the refresh rate.
 366                    handle.update(&mut cx, |_, cx| cx.present()).log_err();
 367                }
 368            }
 369        }));
 370        platform_window.on_resize(Box::new({
 371            let mut cx = cx.to_async();
 372            move |_, _| {
 373                handle
 374                    .update(&mut cx, |_, cx| cx.window_bounds_changed())
 375                    .log_err();
 376            }
 377        }));
 378        platform_window.on_moved(Box::new({
 379            let mut cx = cx.to_async();
 380            move || {
 381                handle
 382                    .update(&mut cx, |_, cx| cx.window_bounds_changed())
 383                    .log_err();
 384            }
 385        }));
 386        platform_window.on_appearance_changed(Box::new({
 387            let mut cx = cx.to_async();
 388            move || {
 389                handle
 390                    .update(&mut cx, |_, cx| cx.appearance_changed())
 391                    .log_err();
 392            }
 393        }));
 394        platform_window.on_active_status_change(Box::new({
 395            let mut cx = cx.to_async();
 396            move |active| {
 397                handle
 398                    .update(&mut cx, |_, cx| {
 399                        cx.window.active = active;
 400                        cx.window
 401                            .activation_observers
 402                            .clone()
 403                            .retain(&(), |callback| callback(cx));
 404                    })
 405                    .log_err();
 406            }
 407        }));
 408
 409        platform_window.on_input({
 410            let mut cx = cx.to_async();
 411            Box::new(move |event| {
 412                handle
 413                    .update(&mut cx, |_, cx| cx.dispatch_event(event))
 414                    .log_err()
 415                    .unwrap_or(false)
 416            })
 417        });
 418
 419        Window {
 420            handle,
 421            removed: false,
 422            platform_window,
 423            display_id,
 424            sprite_atlas,
 425            text_system,
 426            rem_size: px(16.),
 427            viewport_size: content_size,
 428            layout_engine: Some(TaffyLayoutEngine::new()),
 429            root_view: None,
 430            element_id_stack: GlobalElementId::default(),
 431            rendered_frame: Frame::new(DispatchTree::new(cx.keymap.clone(), cx.actions.clone())),
 432            next_frame: Frame::new(DispatchTree::new(cx.keymap.clone(), cx.actions.clone())),
 433            dirty_views: FxHashSet::default(),
 434            focus_handles: Arc::new(RwLock::new(SlotMap::with_key())),
 435            focus_listeners: SubscriberSet::new(),
 436            focus_lost_listeners: SubscriberSet::new(),
 437            default_prevented: true,
 438            mouse_position,
 439            modifiers,
 440            scale_factor,
 441            bounds,
 442            bounds_observers: SubscriberSet::new(),
 443            appearance,
 444            appearance_observers: SubscriberSet::new(),
 445            active: false,
 446            dirty,
 447            last_input_timestamp,
 448            refreshing: false,
 449            drawing: false,
 450            activation_observers: SubscriberSet::new(),
 451            focus: None,
 452            focus_enabled: true,
 453            pending_input: None,
 454
 455            #[cfg(any(test, feature = "test-support"))]
 456            focus_invalidated: false,
 457        }
 458    }
 459}
 460
 461/// Indicates which region of the window is visible. Content falling outside of this mask will not be
 462/// rendered. Currently, only rectangular content masks are supported, but we give the mask its own type
 463/// to leave room to support more complex shapes in the future.
 464#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
 465#[repr(C)]
 466pub struct ContentMask<P: Clone + Default + Debug> {
 467    /// The bounds
 468    pub bounds: Bounds<P>,
 469}
 470
 471impl ContentMask<Pixels> {
 472    /// Scale the content mask's pixel units by the given scaling factor.
 473    pub fn scale(&self, factor: f32) -> ContentMask<ScaledPixels> {
 474        ContentMask {
 475            bounds: self.bounds.scale(factor),
 476        }
 477    }
 478
 479    /// Intersect the content mask with the given content mask.
 480    pub fn intersect(&self, other: &Self) -> Self {
 481        let bounds = self.bounds.intersect(&other.bounds);
 482        ContentMask { bounds }
 483    }
 484}
 485
 486/// Provides access to application state in the context of a single window. Derefs
 487/// to an [`AppContext`], so you can also pass a [`WindowContext`] to any method that takes
 488/// an [`AppContext`] and call any [`AppContext`] methods.
 489pub struct WindowContext<'a> {
 490    pub(crate) app: &'a mut AppContext,
 491    pub(crate) window: &'a mut Window,
 492}
 493
 494impl<'a> WindowContext<'a> {
 495    pub(crate) fn new(app: &'a mut AppContext, window: &'a mut Window) -> Self {
 496        Self { app, window }
 497    }
 498
 499    /// Obtain a handle to the window that belongs to this context.
 500    pub fn window_handle(&self) -> AnyWindowHandle {
 501        self.window.handle
 502    }
 503
 504    /// Mark the window as dirty, scheduling it to be redrawn on the next frame.
 505    pub fn refresh(&mut self) {
 506        if !self.window.drawing {
 507            self.window.refreshing = true;
 508            self.window.dirty.set(true);
 509        }
 510    }
 511
 512    /// Close this window.
 513    pub fn remove_window(&mut self) {
 514        self.window.removed = true;
 515    }
 516
 517    /// Obtain a new [`FocusHandle`], which allows you to track and manipulate the keyboard focus
 518    /// for elements rendered within this window.
 519    pub fn focus_handle(&mut self) -> FocusHandle {
 520        FocusHandle::new(&self.window.focus_handles)
 521    }
 522
 523    /// Obtain the currently focused [`FocusHandle`]. If no elements are focused, returns `None`.
 524    pub fn focused(&self) -> Option<FocusHandle> {
 525        self.window
 526            .focus
 527            .and_then(|id| FocusHandle::for_id(id, &self.window.focus_handles))
 528    }
 529
 530    /// Move focus to the element associated with the given [`FocusHandle`].
 531    pub fn focus(&mut self, handle: &FocusHandle) {
 532        if !self.window.focus_enabled || self.window.focus == Some(handle.id) {
 533            return;
 534        }
 535
 536        self.window.focus = Some(handle.id);
 537        self.window
 538            .rendered_frame
 539            .dispatch_tree
 540            .clear_pending_keystrokes();
 541
 542        #[cfg(any(test, feature = "test-support"))]
 543        {
 544            self.window.focus_invalidated = true;
 545        }
 546
 547        self.refresh();
 548    }
 549
 550    /// Remove focus from all elements within this context's window.
 551    pub fn blur(&mut self) {
 552        if !self.window.focus_enabled {
 553            return;
 554        }
 555
 556        self.window.focus = None;
 557        self.refresh();
 558    }
 559
 560    /// Blur the window and don't allow anything in it to be focused again.
 561    pub fn disable_focus(&mut self) {
 562        self.blur();
 563        self.window.focus_enabled = false;
 564    }
 565
 566    /// Accessor for the text system.
 567    pub fn text_system(&self) -> &Arc<WindowTextSystem> {
 568        &self.window.text_system
 569    }
 570
 571    /// Dispatch the given action on the currently focused element.
 572    pub fn dispatch_action(&mut self, action: Box<dyn Action>) {
 573        let focus_handle = self.focused();
 574
 575        self.defer(move |cx| {
 576            let node_id = focus_handle
 577                .and_then(|handle| {
 578                    cx.window
 579                        .rendered_frame
 580                        .dispatch_tree
 581                        .focusable_node_id(handle.id)
 582                })
 583                .unwrap_or_else(|| cx.window.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree.root_node_id());
 584
 585            cx.propagate_event = true;
 586            cx.dispatch_action_on_node(node_id, action);
 587        })
 588    }
 589
 590    pub(crate) fn dispatch_keystroke_observers(
 591        &mut self,
 592        event: &dyn Any,
 593        action: Option<Box<dyn Action>>,
 594    ) {
 595        let Some(key_down_event) = event.downcast_ref::<KeyDownEvent>() else {
 596            return;
 597        };
 598
 599        self.keystroke_observers
 600            .clone()
 601            .retain(&(), move |callback| {
 602                (callback)(
 603                    &KeystrokeEvent {
 604                        keystroke: key_down_event.keystroke.clone(),
 605                        action: action.as_ref().map(|action| action.boxed_clone()),
 606                    },
 607                    self,
 608                );
 609                true
 610            });
 611    }
 612
 613    pub(crate) fn clear_pending_keystrokes(&mut self) {
 614        self.window
 615            .rendered_frame
 616            .dispatch_tree
 617            .clear_pending_keystrokes();
 618        self.window
 619            .next_frame
 620            .dispatch_tree
 621            .clear_pending_keystrokes();
 622    }
 623
 624    /// Schedules the given function to be run at the end of the current effect cycle, allowing entities
 625    /// that are currently on the stack to be returned to the app.
 626    pub fn defer(&mut self, f: impl FnOnce(&mut WindowContext) + 'static) {
 627        let handle = self.window.handle;
 628        self.app.defer(move |cx| {
 629            handle.update(cx, |_, cx| f(cx)).ok();
 630        });
 631    }
 632
 633    /// Subscribe to events emitted by a model or view.
 634    /// The entity to which you're subscribing must implement the [`EventEmitter`] trait.
 635    /// The callback will be invoked a handle to the emitting entity (either a [`View`] or [`Model`]), the event, and a window context for the current window.
 636    pub fn subscribe<Emitter, E, Evt>(
 637        &mut self,
 638        entity: &E,
 639        mut on_event: impl FnMut(E, &Evt, &mut WindowContext<'_>) + 'static,
 640    ) -> Subscription
 641    where
 642        Emitter: EventEmitter<Evt>,
 643        E: Entity<Emitter>,
 644        Evt: 'static,
 645    {
 646        let entity_id = entity.entity_id();
 647        let entity = entity.downgrade();
 648        let window_handle = self.window.handle;
 649        let (subscription, activate) = self.app.event_listeners.insert(
 650            entity_id,
 651            (
 652                TypeId::of::<Evt>(),
 653                Box::new(move |event, cx| {
 654                    window_handle
 655                        .update(cx, |_, cx| {
 656                            if let Some(handle) = E::upgrade_from(&entity) {
 657                                let event = event.downcast_ref().expect("invalid event type");
 658                                on_event(handle, event, cx);
 659                                true
 660                            } else {
 661                                false
 662                            }
 663                        })
 664                        .unwrap_or(false)
 665                }),
 666            ),
 667        );
 668        self.app.defer(move |_| activate());
 669        subscription
 670    }
 671
 672    /// Creates an [`AsyncWindowContext`], which has a static lifetime and can be held across
 673    /// await points in async code.
 674    pub fn to_async(&self) -> AsyncWindowContext {
 675        AsyncWindowContext::new(self.app.to_async(), self.window.handle)
 676    }
 677
 678    /// Schedule the given closure to be run directly after the current frame is rendered.
 679    pub fn on_next_frame(&mut self, callback: impl FnOnce(&mut WindowContext) + 'static) {
 680        let handle = self.window.handle;
 681        let display_id = self.window.display_id;
 682
 683        let mut frame_consumers = std::mem::take(&mut self.app.frame_consumers);
 684        if let Entry::Vacant(e) = frame_consumers.entry(display_id) {
 685            let (tx, mut rx) = mpsc::unbounded::<()>();
 686            self.platform.set_display_link_output_callback(
 687                display_id,
 688                Box::new(move || _ = tx.unbounded_send(())),
 689            );
 690
 691            let consumer_task = self.app.spawn(|cx| async move {
 692                while rx.next().await.is_some() {
 693                    cx.update(|cx| {
 694                        for callback in cx
 695                            .next_frame_callbacks
 696                            .get_mut(&display_id)
 697                            .unwrap()
 698                            .drain(..)
 699                            .collect::<SmallVec<[_; 32]>>()
 700                        {
 701                            callback(cx);
 702                        }
 703                    })
 704                    .ok();
 705
 706                    // Flush effects, then stop the display link if no new next_frame_callbacks have been added.
 707
 708                    cx.update(|cx| {
 709                        if cx.next_frame_callbacks.is_empty() {
 710                            cx.platform.stop_display_link(display_id);
 711                        }
 712                    })
 713                    .ok();
 714                }
 715            });
 716            e.insert(consumer_task);
 717        }
 718        debug_assert!(self.app.frame_consumers.is_empty());
 719        self.app.frame_consumers = frame_consumers;
 720
 721        if self.next_frame_callbacks.is_empty() {
 722            self.platform.start_display_link(display_id);
 723        }
 724
 725        self.next_frame_callbacks
 726            .entry(display_id)
 727            .or_default()
 728            .push(Box::new(move |cx: &mut AppContext| {
 729                cx.update_window(handle, |_root_view, cx| callback(cx)).ok();
 730            }));
 731    }
 732
 733    /// Spawn the future returned by the given closure on the application thread pool.
 734    /// The closure is provided a handle to the current window and an `AsyncWindowContext` for
 735    /// use within your future.
 736    pub fn spawn<Fut, R>(&mut self, f: impl FnOnce(AsyncWindowContext) -> Fut) -> Task<R>
 737    where
 738        R: 'static,
 739        Fut: Future<Output = R> + 'static,
 740    {
 741        self.app
 742            .spawn(|app| f(AsyncWindowContext::new(app, self.window.handle)))
 743    }
 744
 745    /// Updates the global of the given type. The given closure is given simultaneous mutable
 746    /// access both to the global and the context.
 747    pub fn update_global<G, R>(&mut self, f: impl FnOnce(&mut G, &mut Self) -> R) -> R
 748    where
 749        G: Global,
 750    {
 751        let mut global = self.app.lease_global::<G>();
 752        let result = f(&mut global, self);
 753        self.app.end_global_lease(global);
 754        result
 755    }
 756
 757    fn window_bounds_changed(&mut self) {
 758        self.window.scale_factor = self.window.platform_window.scale_factor();
 759        self.window.viewport_size = self.window.platform_window.content_size();
 760        self.window.bounds = self.window.platform_window.bounds();
 761        self.window.display_id = self.window.platform_window.display().id();
 762        self.refresh();
 763
 764        self.window
 765            .bounds_observers
 766            .clone()
 767            .retain(&(), |callback| callback(self));
 768    }
 769
 770    /// Returns the bounds of the current window in the global coordinate space, which could span across multiple displays.
 771    pub fn window_bounds(&self) -> WindowBounds {
 772        self.window.bounds
 773    }
 774
 775    fn appearance_changed(&mut self) {
 776        self.window.appearance = self.window.platform_window.appearance();
 777
 778        self.window
 779            .appearance_observers
 780            .clone()
 781            .retain(&(), |callback| callback(self));
 782    }
 783
 784    /// Returns the appearance of the current window.
 785    pub fn appearance(&self) -> WindowAppearance {
 786        self.window.appearance
 787    }
 788
 789    /// Returns the size of the drawable area within the window.
 790    pub fn viewport_size(&self) -> Size<Pixels> {
 791        self.window.viewport_size
 792    }
 793
 794    /// Returns whether this window is focused by the operating system (receiving key events).
 795    pub fn is_window_active(&self) -> bool {
 796        self.window.active
 797    }
 798
 799    /// Toggle zoom on the window.
 800    pub fn zoom_window(&self) {
 801        self.window.platform_window.zoom();
 802    }
 803
 804    /// Updates the window's title at the platform level.
 805    pub fn set_window_title(&mut self, title: &str) {
 806        self.window.platform_window.set_title(title);
 807    }
 808
 809    /// Mark the window as dirty at the platform level.
 810    pub fn set_window_edited(&mut self, edited: bool) {
 811        self.window.platform_window.set_edited(edited);
 812    }
 813
 814    /// Determine the display on which the window is visible.
 815    pub fn display(&self) -> Option<Rc<dyn PlatformDisplay>> {
 816        self.platform
 817            .displays()
 818            .into_iter()
 819            .find(|display| display.id() == self.window.display_id)
 820    }
 821
 822    /// Show the platform character palette.
 823    pub fn show_character_palette(&self) {
 824        self.window.platform_window.show_character_palette();
 825    }
 826
 827    /// The scale factor of the display associated with the window. For example, it could
 828    /// return 2.0 for a "retina" display, indicating that each logical pixel should actually
 829    /// be rendered as two pixels on screen.
 830    pub fn scale_factor(&self) -> f32 {
 831        self.window.scale_factor
 832    }
 833
 834    /// The size of an em for the base font of the application. Adjusting this value allows the
 835    /// UI to scale, just like zooming a web page.
 836    pub fn rem_size(&self) -> Pixels {
 837        self.window.rem_size
 838    }
 839
 840    /// Sets the size of an em for the base font of the application. Adjusting this value allows the
 841    /// UI to scale, just like zooming a web page.
 842    pub fn set_rem_size(&mut self, rem_size: impl Into<Pixels>) {
 843        self.window.rem_size = rem_size.into();
 844    }
 845
 846    /// The line height associated with the current text style.
 847    pub fn line_height(&self) -> Pixels {
 848        let rem_size = self.rem_size();
 849        let text_style = self.text_style();
 850        text_style
 851            .line_height
 852            .to_pixels(text_style.font_size, rem_size)
 853    }
 854
 855    /// Call to prevent the default action of an event. Currently only used to prevent
 856    /// parent elements from becoming focused on mouse down.
 857    pub fn prevent_default(&mut self) {
 858        self.window.default_prevented = true;
 859    }
 860
 861    /// Obtain whether default has been prevented for the event currently being dispatched.
 862    pub fn default_prevented(&self) -> bool {
 863        self.window.default_prevented
 864    }
 865
 866    /// Determine whether the given action is available along the dispatch path to the currently focused element.
 867    pub fn is_action_available(&self, action: &dyn Action) -> bool {
 868        let target = self
 869            .focused()
 870            .and_then(|focused_handle| {
 871                self.window
 872                    .rendered_frame
 873                    .dispatch_tree
 874                    .focusable_node_id(focused_handle.id)
 875            })
 876            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.window.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree.root_node_id());
 877        self.window
 878            .rendered_frame
 879            .dispatch_tree
 880            .is_action_available(action, target)
 881    }
 882
 883    /// The position of the mouse relative to the window.
 884    pub fn mouse_position(&self) -> Point<Pixels> {
 885        self.window.mouse_position
 886    }
 887
 888    /// The current state of the keyboard's modifiers
 889    pub fn modifiers(&self) -> Modifiers {
 890        self.window.modifiers
 891    }
 892
 893    /// Returns true if there is no opaque layer containing the given point
 894    /// on top of the given level. Layers who are extensions of the queried layer
 895    /// are not considered to be on top of queried layer.
 896    pub fn was_top_layer(&self, point: &Point<Pixels>, layer: &StackingOrder) -> bool {
 897        // Precondition: the depth map is ordered from topmost to bottomost.
 898
 899        for (opaque_layer, _, bounds) in self.window.rendered_frame.depth_map.iter() {
 900            if layer >= opaque_layer {
 901                // The queried layer is either above or is the same as the this opaque layer.
 902                // Anything after this point is guaranteed to be below the queried layer.
 903                return true;
 904            }
 905
 906            if !bounds.contains(point) {
 907                // This opaque layer is above the queried layer but it doesn't contain
 908                // the given position, so we can ignore it even if it's above.
 909                continue;
 910            }
 911
 912            // At this point, we've established that this opaque layer is on top of the queried layer
 913            // and contains the position:
 914            // If neither the opaque layer or the queried layer is an extension of the other then
 915            // we know they are on different stacking orders, and return false.
 916            let is_on_same_layer = opaque_layer
 917                .iter()
 918                .zip(layer.iter())
 919                .all(|(a, b)| a.z_index == b.z_index);
 920
 921            if !is_on_same_layer {
 922                return false;
 923            }
 924        }
 925
 926        true
 927    }
 928
 929    pub(crate) fn was_top_layer_under_active_drag(
 930        &self,
 931        point: &Point<Pixels>,
 932        layer: &StackingOrder,
 933    ) -> bool {
 934        // Precondition: the depth map is ordered from topmost to bottomost.
 935
 936        for (opaque_layer, _, bounds) in self.window.rendered_frame.depth_map.iter() {
 937            if layer >= opaque_layer {
 938                // The queried layer is either above or is the same as the this opaque layer.
 939                // Anything after this point is guaranteed to be below the queried layer.
 940                return true;
 941            }
 942
 943            if !bounds.contains(point) {
 944                // This opaque layer is above the queried layer but it doesn't contain
 945                // the given position, so we can ignore it even if it's above.
 946                continue;
 947            }
 948
 949            // All normal content is rendered with a base z-index of 0, we know that if the root of this opaque layer
 950            // equals `ACTIVE_DRAG_Z_INDEX` then it must be the drag layer and we can ignore it as we are
 951            // looking to see if the queried layer was the topmost underneath the drag layer.
 952            if opaque_layer
 953                .first()
 954                .map(|c| c.z_index == ACTIVE_DRAG_Z_INDEX)
 955                .unwrap_or(false)
 956            {
 957                continue;
 958            }
 959
 960            // At this point, we've established that this opaque layer is on top of the queried layer
 961            // and contains the position:
 962            // If neither the opaque layer or the queried layer is an extension of the other then
 963            // we know they are on different stacking orders, and return false.
 964            let is_on_same_layer = opaque_layer
 965                .iter()
 966                .zip(layer.iter())
 967                .all(|(a, b)| a.z_index == b.z_index);
 968
 969            if !is_on_same_layer {
 970                return false;
 971            }
 972        }
 973
 974        true
 975    }
 976
 977    /// Called during painting to get the current stacking order.
 978    pub fn stacking_order(&self) -> &StackingOrder {
 979        &self.window.next_frame.z_index_stack
 980    }
 981
 982    /// Produces a new frame and assigns it to `rendered_frame`. To actually show
 983    /// the contents of the new [Scene], use [present].
 984    pub(crate) fn draw(&mut self) {
 985        self.window.dirty.set(false);
 986        self.window.drawing = true;
 987
 988        #[cfg(any(test, feature = "test-support"))]
 989        {
 990            self.window.focus_invalidated = false;
 991        }
 992
 993        if let Some(requested_handler) = self.window.rendered_frame.requested_input_handler.as_mut()
 994        {
 995            let input_handler = self.window.platform_window.take_input_handler();
 996            requested_handler.handler = input_handler;
 997        }
 998
 999        let root_view = self.window.root_view.take().unwrap();
1000        self.with_element_context(|cx| {
1001            cx.with_z_index(0, |cx| {
1002                cx.with_key_dispatch(Some(KeyContext::default()), None, |_, cx| {
1003                    // We need to use cx.cx here so we can utilize borrow splitting
1004                    for (action_type, action_listeners) in &cx.cx.app.global_action_listeners {
1005                        for action_listener in action_listeners.iter().cloned() {
1006                            cx.cx.window.next_frame.dispatch_tree.on_action(
1007                                *action_type,
1008                                Rc::new(
1009                                    move |action: &dyn Any, phase, cx: &mut WindowContext<'_>| {
1010                                        action_listener(action, phase, cx)
1011                                    },
1012                                ),
1013                            )
1014                        }
1015                    }
1016
1017                    let available_space = cx.window.viewport_size.map(Into::into);
1018                    root_view.draw(Point::default(), available_space, cx);
1019                })
1020            })
1021        });
1022
1023        if let Some(active_drag) = self.app.active_drag.take() {
1024            self.with_element_context(|cx| {
1025                cx.with_z_index(ACTIVE_DRAG_Z_INDEX, |cx| {
1026                    let offset = cx.mouse_position() - active_drag.cursor_offset;
1027                    let available_space =
1028                        size(AvailableSpace::MinContent, AvailableSpace::MinContent);
1029                    active_drag.view.draw(offset, available_space, cx);
1030                })
1031            });
1032            self.active_drag = Some(active_drag);
1033        } else if let Some(tooltip_request) = self.window.next_frame.tooltip_request.take() {
1034            self.with_element_context(|cx| {
1035                cx.with_z_index(1, |cx| {
1036                    let available_space =
1037                        size(AvailableSpace::MinContent, AvailableSpace::MinContent);
1038                    tooltip_request.tooltip.view.draw(
1039                        tooltip_request.tooltip.cursor_offset,
1040                        available_space,
1041                        cx,
1042                    );
1043                })
1044            });
1045            self.window.next_frame.tooltip_request = Some(tooltip_request);
1046        }
1047        self.window.dirty_views.clear();
1048
1049        self.window
1050            .next_frame
1051            .dispatch_tree
1052            .preserve_pending_keystrokes(
1053                &mut self.window.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree,
1054                self.window.focus,
1055            );
1056        self.window.next_frame.focus = self.window.focus;
1057        self.window.next_frame.window_active = self.window.active;
1058        self.window.root_view = Some(root_view);
1059
1060        // Set the cursor only if we're the active window.
1061        let cursor_style = self
1062            .window
1063            .next_frame
1064            .requested_cursor_style
1065            .take()
1066            .unwrap_or(CursorStyle::Arrow);
1067        if self.is_window_active() {
1068            self.platform.set_cursor_style(cursor_style);
1069        }
1070
1071        // Register requested input handler with the platform window.
1072        if let Some(requested_input) = self.window.next_frame.requested_input_handler.as_mut() {
1073            if let Some(handler) = requested_input.handler.take() {
1074                self.window.platform_window.set_input_handler(handler);
1075            }
1076        }
1077
1078        self.window.layout_engine.as_mut().unwrap().clear();
1079        self.text_system()
1080            .finish_frame(&self.window.next_frame.reused_views);
1081        self.window
1082            .next_frame
1083            .finish(&mut self.window.rendered_frame);
1084        ELEMENT_ARENA.with_borrow_mut(|element_arena| {
1085            let percentage = (element_arena.len() as f32 / element_arena.capacity() as f32) * 100.;
1086            if percentage >= 80. {
1087                log::warn!("elevated element arena occupation: {}.", percentage);
1088            }
1089            element_arena.clear();
1090        });
1091
1092        let previous_focus_path = self.window.rendered_frame.focus_path();
1093        let previous_window_active = self.window.rendered_frame.window_active;
1094        mem::swap(&mut self.window.rendered_frame, &mut self.window.next_frame);
1095        self.window.next_frame.clear();
1096        let current_focus_path = self.window.rendered_frame.focus_path();
1097        let current_window_active = self.window.rendered_frame.window_active;
1098
1099        if previous_focus_path != current_focus_path
1100            || previous_window_active != current_window_active
1101        {
1102            if !previous_focus_path.is_empty() && current_focus_path.is_empty() {
1103                self.window
1104                    .focus_lost_listeners
1105                    .clone()
1106                    .retain(&(), |listener| listener(self));
1107            }
1108
1109            let event = FocusEvent {
1110                previous_focus_path: if previous_window_active {
1111                    previous_focus_path
1112                } else {
1113                    Default::default()
1114                },
1115                current_focus_path: if current_window_active {
1116                    current_focus_path
1117                } else {
1118                    Default::default()
1119                },
1120            };
1121            self.window
1122                .focus_listeners
1123                .clone()
1124                .retain(&(), |listener| listener(&event, self));
1125        }
1126        self.window.refreshing = false;
1127        self.window.drawing = false;
1128    }
1129
1130    fn present(&self) {
1131        self.window
1132            .platform_window
1133            .draw(&self.window.rendered_frame.scene);
1134    }
1135
1136    /// Dispatch a mouse or keyboard event on the window.
1137    pub fn dispatch_event(&mut self, event: PlatformInput) -> bool {
1138        self.window.last_input_timestamp.set(Instant::now());
1139        // Handlers may set this to false by calling `stop_propagation`.
1140        self.app.propagate_event = true;
1141        // Handlers may set this to true by calling `prevent_default`.
1142        self.window.default_prevented = false;
1143
1144        let event = match event {
1145            // Track the mouse position with our own state, since accessing the platform
1146            // API for the mouse position can only occur on the main thread.
1147            PlatformInput::MouseMove(mouse_move) => {
1148                self.window.mouse_position = mouse_move.position;
1149                self.window.modifiers = mouse_move.modifiers;
1150                PlatformInput::MouseMove(mouse_move)
1151            }
1152            PlatformInput::MouseDown(mouse_down) => {
1153                self.window.mouse_position = mouse_down.position;
1154                self.window.modifiers = mouse_down.modifiers;
1155                PlatformInput::MouseDown(mouse_down)
1156            }
1157            PlatformInput::MouseUp(mouse_up) => {
1158                self.window.mouse_position = mouse_up.position;
1159                self.window.modifiers = mouse_up.modifiers;
1160                PlatformInput::MouseUp(mouse_up)
1161            }
1162            PlatformInput::MouseExited(mouse_exited) => {
1163                self.window.modifiers = mouse_exited.modifiers;
1164                PlatformInput::MouseExited(mouse_exited)
1165            }
1166            PlatformInput::ModifiersChanged(modifiers_changed) => {
1167                self.window.modifiers = modifiers_changed.modifiers;
1168                PlatformInput::ModifiersChanged(modifiers_changed)
1169            }
1170            PlatformInput::ScrollWheel(scroll_wheel) => {
1171                self.window.mouse_position = scroll_wheel.position;
1172                self.window.modifiers = scroll_wheel.modifiers;
1173                PlatformInput::ScrollWheel(scroll_wheel)
1174            }
1175            // Translate dragging and dropping of external files from the operating system
1176            // to internal drag and drop events.
1177            PlatformInput::FileDrop(file_drop) => match file_drop {
1178                FileDropEvent::Entered { position, paths } => {
1179                    self.window.mouse_position = position;
1180                    if self.active_drag.is_none() {
1181                        self.active_drag = Some(AnyDrag {
1182                            value: Box::new(paths.clone()),
1183                            view: self.new_view(|_| paths).into(),
1184                            cursor_offset: position,
1185                        });
1186                    }
1187                    PlatformInput::MouseMove(MouseMoveEvent {
1188                        position,
1189                        pressed_button: Some(MouseButton::Left),
1190                        modifiers: Modifiers::default(),
1191                    })
1192                }
1193                FileDropEvent::Pending { position } => {
1194                    self.window.mouse_position = position;
1195                    PlatformInput::MouseMove(MouseMoveEvent {
1196                        position,
1197                        pressed_button: Some(MouseButton::Left),
1198                        modifiers: Modifiers::default(),
1199                    })
1200                }
1201                FileDropEvent::Submit { position } => {
1202                    self.activate(true);
1203                    self.window.mouse_position = position;
1204                    PlatformInput::MouseUp(MouseUpEvent {
1205                        button: MouseButton::Left,
1206                        position,
1207                        modifiers: Modifiers::default(),
1208                        click_count: 1,
1209                    })
1210                }
1211                FileDropEvent::Exited => PlatformInput::MouseUp(MouseUpEvent {
1212                    button: MouseButton::Left,
1213                    position: Point::default(),
1214                    modifiers: Modifiers::default(),
1215                    click_count: 1,
1216                }),
1217            },
1218            PlatformInput::KeyDown(_) | PlatformInput::KeyUp(_) => event,
1219        };
1220
1221        if let Some(any_mouse_event) = event.mouse_event() {
1222            self.dispatch_mouse_event(any_mouse_event);
1223        } else if let Some(any_key_event) = event.keyboard_event() {
1224            self.dispatch_key_event(any_key_event);
1225        }
1226
1227        !self.app.propagate_event
1228    }
1229
1230    fn dispatch_mouse_event(&mut self, event: &dyn Any) {
1231        if let Some(mut handlers) = self
1232            .window
1233            .rendered_frame
1234            .mouse_listeners
1235            .remove(&event.type_id())
1236        {
1237            // Because handlers may add other handlers, we sort every time.
1238            handlers.sort_by(|(a, _, _), (b, _, _)| a.cmp(b));
1239
1240            // Capture phase, events bubble from back to front. Handlers for this phase are used for
1241            // special purposes, such as detecting events outside of a given Bounds.
1242            for (_, _, handler) in &mut handlers {
1243                self.with_element_context(|cx| {
1244                    handler(event, DispatchPhase::Capture, cx);
1245                });
1246                if !self.app.propagate_event {
1247                    break;
1248                }
1249            }
1250
1251            // Bubble phase, where most normal handlers do their work.
1252            if self.app.propagate_event {
1253                for (_, _, handler) in handlers.iter_mut().rev() {
1254                    self.with_element_context(|cx| {
1255                        handler(event, DispatchPhase::Bubble, cx);
1256                    });
1257                    if !self.app.propagate_event {
1258                        break;
1259                    }
1260                }
1261            }
1262
1263            self.window
1264                .rendered_frame
1265                .mouse_listeners
1266                .insert(event.type_id(), handlers);
1267        }
1268
1269        if self.app.propagate_event && self.has_active_drag() {
1270            if event.is::<MouseMoveEvent>() {
1271                // If this was a mouse move event, redraw the window so that the
1272                // active drag can follow the mouse cursor.
1273                self.refresh();
1274            } else if event.is::<MouseUpEvent>() {
1275                // If this was a mouse up event, cancel the active drag and redraw
1276                // the window.
1277                self.active_drag = None;
1278                self.refresh();
1279            }
1280        }
1281    }
1282
1283    fn dispatch_key_event(&mut self, event: &dyn Any) {
1284        let node_id = self
1285            .window
1286            .focus
1287            .and_then(|focus_id| {
1288                self.window
1289                    .rendered_frame
1290                    .dispatch_tree
1291                    .focusable_node_id(focus_id)
1292            })
1293            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.window.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree.root_node_id());
1294
1295        let dispatch_path = self
1296            .window
1297            .rendered_frame
1298            .dispatch_tree
1299            .dispatch_path(node_id);
1300
1301        if let Some(key_down_event) = event.downcast_ref::<KeyDownEvent>() {
1302            let KeymatchResult {
1303                bindings,
1304                mut pending,
1305            } = self
1306                .window
1307                .rendered_frame
1308                .dispatch_tree
1309                .dispatch_key(&key_down_event.keystroke, &dispatch_path);
1310
1311            if self.window.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree.keymatch_mode == KeymatchMode::Immediate
1312                && !bindings.is_empty()
1313            {
1314                pending = false;
1315            }
1316
1317            if pending {
1318                let mut currently_pending = self.window.pending_input.take().unwrap_or_default();
1319                if currently_pending.focus.is_some() && currently_pending.focus != self.window.focus
1320                {
1321                    currently_pending = PendingInput::default();
1322                }
1323                currently_pending.focus = self.window.focus;
1324                currently_pending
1325                    .keystrokes
1326                    .push(key_down_event.keystroke.clone());
1327                for binding in bindings {
1328                    currently_pending.bindings.push(binding);
1329                }
1330
1331                // for vim compatibility, we also should check "is input handler enabled"
1332                if !currently_pending.is_noop() {
1333                    currently_pending.timer = Some(self.spawn(|mut cx| async move {
1334                        cx.background_executor.timer(Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
1335                        cx.update(move |cx| {
1336                            cx.clear_pending_keystrokes();
1337                            let Some(currently_pending) = cx.window.pending_input.take() else {
1338                                return;
1339                            };
1340                            cx.replay_pending_input(currently_pending)
1341                        })
1342                        .log_err();
1343                    }));
1344                } else {
1345                    currently_pending.timer = None;
1346                }
1347                self.window.pending_input = Some(currently_pending);
1348
1349                self.propagate_event = false;
1350                return;
1351            } else if let Some(currently_pending) = self.window.pending_input.take() {
1352                if bindings
1353                    .iter()
1354                    .all(|binding| !currently_pending.used_by_binding(binding))
1355                {
1356                    self.replay_pending_input(currently_pending)
1357                }
1358            }
1359
1360            if !bindings.is_empty() {
1361                self.clear_pending_keystrokes();
1362            }
1363
1364            self.propagate_event = true;
1365            for binding in bindings {
1366                self.dispatch_action_on_node(node_id, binding.action.boxed_clone());
1367                if !self.propagate_event {
1368                    self.dispatch_keystroke_observers(event, Some(binding.action));
1369                    return;
1370                }
1371            }
1372        }
1373
1374        // Capture phase
1375        for node_id in &dispatch_path {
1376            let node = self.window.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree.node(*node_id);
1377
1378            for key_listener in node.key_listeners.clone() {
1379                self.with_element_context(|cx| {
1380                    key_listener(event, DispatchPhase::Capture, cx);
1381                });
1382                if !self.propagate_event {
1383                    return;
1384                }
1385            }
1386        }
1387
1388        // Bubble phase
1389        for node_id in dispatch_path.iter().rev() {
1390            // Handle low level key events
1391            let node = self.window.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree.node(*node_id);
1392            for key_listener in node.key_listeners.clone() {
1393                self.with_element_context(|cx| {
1394                    key_listener(event, DispatchPhase::Bubble, cx);
1395                });
1396                if !self.propagate_event {
1397                    return;
1398                }
1399            }
1400        }
1401
1402        self.dispatch_keystroke_observers(event, None);
1403    }
1404
1405    /// Determine whether a potential multi-stroke key binding is in progress on this window.
1406    pub fn has_pending_keystrokes(&self) -> bool {
1407        self.window
1408            .rendered_frame
1409            .dispatch_tree
1410            .has_pending_keystrokes()
1411    }
1412
1413    fn replay_pending_input(&mut self, currently_pending: PendingInput) {
1414        let node_id = self
1415            .window
1416            .focus
1417            .and_then(|focus_id| {
1418                self.window
1419                    .rendered_frame
1420                    .dispatch_tree
1421                    .focusable_node_id(focus_id)
1422            })
1423            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.window.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree.root_node_id());
1424
1425        if self.window.focus != currently_pending.focus {
1426            return;
1427        }
1428
1429        let input = currently_pending.input();
1430
1431        self.propagate_event = true;
1432        for binding in currently_pending.bindings {
1433            self.dispatch_action_on_node(node_id, binding.action.boxed_clone());
1434            if !self.propagate_event {
1435                return;
1436            }
1437        }
1438
1439        if !input.is_empty() {
1440            if let Some(mut input_handler) = self.window.platform_window.take_input_handler() {
1441                input_handler.flush_pending_input(&input, self);
1442                self.window.platform_window.set_input_handler(input_handler)
1443            }
1444        }
1445    }
1446
1447    fn dispatch_action_on_node(&mut self, node_id: DispatchNodeId, action: Box<dyn Action>) {
1448        let dispatch_path = self
1449            .window
1450            .rendered_frame
1451            .dispatch_tree
1452            .dispatch_path(node_id);
1453
1454        // Capture phase
1455        for node_id in &dispatch_path {
1456            let node = self.window.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree.node(*node_id);
1457            for DispatchActionListener {
1458                action_type,
1459                listener,
1460            } in node.action_listeners.clone()
1461            {
1462                let any_action = action.as_any();
1463                if action_type == any_action.type_id() {
1464                    self.with_element_context(|cx| {
1465                        listener(any_action, DispatchPhase::Capture, cx);
1466                    });
1467
1468                    if !self.propagate_event {
1469                        return;
1470                    }
1471                }
1472            }
1473        }
1474        // Bubble phase
1475        for node_id in dispatch_path.iter().rev() {
1476            let node = self.window.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree.node(*node_id);
1477            for DispatchActionListener {
1478                action_type,
1479                listener,
1480            } in node.action_listeners.clone()
1481            {
1482                let any_action = action.as_any();
1483                if action_type == any_action.type_id() {
1484                    self.propagate_event = false; // Actions stop propagation by default during the bubble phase
1485
1486                    self.with_element_context(|cx| {
1487                        listener(any_action, DispatchPhase::Bubble, cx);
1488                    });
1489
1490                    if !self.propagate_event {
1491                        return;
1492                    }
1493                }
1494            }
1495        }
1496    }
1497
1498    /// Register the given handler to be invoked whenever the global of the given type
1499    /// is updated.
1500    pub fn observe_global<G: Global>(
1501        &mut self,
1502        f: impl Fn(&mut WindowContext<'_>) + 'static,
1503    ) -> Subscription {
1504        let window_handle = self.window.handle;
1505        let (subscription, activate) = self.global_observers.insert(
1506            TypeId::of::<G>(),
1507            Box::new(move |cx| window_handle.update(cx, |_, cx| f(cx)).is_ok()),
1508        );
1509        self.app.defer(move |_| activate());
1510        subscription
1511    }
1512
1513    /// Focus the current window and bring it to the foreground at the platform level.
1514    pub fn activate_window(&self) {
1515        self.window.platform_window.activate();
1516    }
1517
1518    /// Minimize the current window at the platform level.
1519    pub fn minimize_window(&self) {
1520        self.window.platform_window.minimize();
1521    }
1522
1523    /// Toggle full screen status on the current window at the platform level.
1524    pub fn toggle_full_screen(&self) {
1525        self.window.platform_window.toggle_full_screen();
1526    }
1527
1528    /// Present a platform dialog.
1529    /// The provided message will be presented, along with buttons for each answer.
1530    /// When a button is clicked, the returned Receiver will receive the index of the clicked button.
1531    pub fn prompt(
1532        &self,
1533        level: PromptLevel,
1534        message: &str,
1535        detail: Option<&str>,
1536        answers: &[&str],
1537    ) -> oneshot::Receiver<usize> {
1538        self.window
1539            .platform_window
1540            .prompt(level, message, detail, answers)
1541    }
1542
1543    /// Returns all available actions for the focused element.
1544    pub fn available_actions(&self) -> Vec<Box<dyn Action>> {
1545        let node_id = self
1546            .window
1547            .focus
1548            .and_then(|focus_id| {
1549                self.window
1550                    .rendered_frame
1551                    .dispatch_tree
1552                    .focusable_node_id(focus_id)
1553            })
1554            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.window.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree.root_node_id());
1555
1556        self.window
1557            .rendered_frame
1558            .dispatch_tree
1559            .available_actions(node_id)
1560    }
1561
1562    /// Returns key bindings that invoke the given action on the currently focused element.
1563    pub fn bindings_for_action(&self, action: &dyn Action) -> Vec<KeyBinding> {
1564        self.window
1565            .rendered_frame
1566            .dispatch_tree
1567            .bindings_for_action(
1568                action,
1569                &self.window.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree.context_stack,
1570            )
1571    }
1572
1573    /// Returns any bindings that would invoke the given action on the given focus handle if it were focused.
1574    pub fn bindings_for_action_in(
1575        &self,
1576        action: &dyn Action,
1577        focus_handle: &FocusHandle,
1578    ) -> Vec<KeyBinding> {
1579        let dispatch_tree = &self.window.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree;
1580
1581        let Some(node_id) = dispatch_tree.focusable_node_id(focus_handle.id) else {
1582            return vec![];
1583        };
1584        let context_stack = dispatch_tree
1585            .dispatch_path(node_id)
1586            .into_iter()
1587            .filter_map(|node_id| dispatch_tree.node(node_id).context.clone())
1588            .collect();
1589        dispatch_tree.bindings_for_action(action, &context_stack)
1590    }
1591
1592    /// Returns a generic event listener that invokes the given listener with the view and context associated with the given view handle.
1593    pub fn listener_for<V: Render, E>(
1594        &self,
1595        view: &View<V>,
1596        f: impl Fn(&mut V, &E, &mut ViewContext<V>) + 'static,
1597    ) -> impl Fn(&E, &mut WindowContext) + 'static {
1598        let view = view.downgrade();
1599        move |e: &E, cx: &mut WindowContext| {
1600            view.update(cx, |view, cx| f(view, e, cx)).ok();
1601        }
1602    }
1603
1604    /// Returns a generic handler that invokes the given handler with the view and context associated with the given view handle.
1605    pub fn handler_for<V: Render>(
1606        &self,
1607        view: &View<V>,
1608        f: impl Fn(&mut V, &mut ViewContext<V>) + 'static,
1609    ) -> impl Fn(&mut WindowContext) {
1610        let view = view.downgrade();
1611        move |cx: &mut WindowContext| {
1612            view.update(cx, |view, cx| f(view, cx)).ok();
1613        }
1614    }
1615
1616    /// Register a callback that can interrupt the closing of the current window based the returned boolean.
1617    /// If the callback returns false, the window won't be closed.
1618    pub fn on_window_should_close(&mut self, f: impl Fn(&mut WindowContext) -> bool + 'static) {
1619        let mut this = self.to_async();
1620        self.window
1621            .platform_window
1622            .on_should_close(Box::new(move || {
1623                this.update(|cx| {
1624                    // Ensure that the window is removed from the app if it's been closed
1625                    // by always pre-empting the system close event.
1626                    if f(cx) {
1627                        cx.remove_window();
1628                    }
1629                    false
1630                })
1631                .unwrap_or(true)
1632            }))
1633    }
1634
1635    pub(crate) fn parent_view_id(&self) -> EntityId {
1636        *self
1637            .window
1638            .next_frame
1639            .view_stack
1640            .last()
1641            .expect("a view should always be on the stack while drawing")
1642    }
1643
1644    /// Register an action listener on the window for the next frame. The type of action
1645    /// is determined by the first parameter of the given listener. When the next frame is rendered
1646    /// the listener will be cleared.
1647    ///
1648    /// This is a fairly low-level method, so prefer using action handlers on elements unless you have
1649    /// a specific need to register a global listener.
1650    pub fn on_action(
1651        &mut self,
1652        action_type: TypeId,
1653        listener: impl Fn(&dyn Any, DispatchPhase, &mut WindowContext) + 'static,
1654    ) {
1655        self.window
1656            .next_frame
1657            .dispatch_tree
1658            .on_action(action_type, Rc::new(listener));
1659    }
1660}
1661
1662impl Context for WindowContext<'_> {
1663    type Result<T> = T;
1664
1665    fn new_model<T>(&mut self, build_model: impl FnOnce(&mut ModelContext<'_, T>) -> T) -> Model<T>
1666    where
1667        T: 'static,
1668    {
1669        let slot = self.app.entities.reserve();
1670        let model = build_model(&mut ModelContext::new(&mut *self.app, slot.downgrade()));
1671        self.entities.insert(slot, model)
1672    }
1673
1674    fn update_model<T: 'static, R>(
1675        &mut self,
1676        model: &Model<T>,
1677        update: impl FnOnce(&mut T, &mut ModelContext<'_, T>) -> R,
1678    ) -> R {
1679        let mut entity = self.entities.lease(model);
1680        let result = update(
1681            &mut *entity,
1682            &mut ModelContext::new(&mut *self.app, model.downgrade()),
1683        );
1684        self.entities.end_lease(entity);
1685        result
1686    }
1687
1688    fn update_window<T, F>(&mut self, window: AnyWindowHandle, update: F) -> Result<T>
1689    where
1690        F: FnOnce(AnyView, &mut WindowContext<'_>) -> T,
1691    {
1692        if window == self.window.handle {
1693            let root_view = self.window.root_view.clone().unwrap();
1694            Ok(update(root_view, self))
1695        } else {
1696            window.update(self.app, update)
1697        }
1698    }
1699
1700    fn read_model<T, R>(
1701        &self,
1702        handle: &Model<T>,
1703        read: impl FnOnce(&T, &AppContext) -> R,
1704    ) -> Self::Result<R>
1705    where
1706        T: 'static,
1707    {
1708        let entity = self.entities.read(handle);
1709        read(entity, &*self.app)
1710    }
1711
1712    fn read_window<T, R>(
1713        &self,
1714        window: &WindowHandle<T>,
1715        read: impl FnOnce(View<T>, &AppContext) -> R,
1716    ) -> Result<R>
1717    where
1718        T: 'static,
1719    {
1720        if window.any_handle == self.window.handle {
1721            let root_view = self
1722                .window
1723                .root_view
1724                .clone()
1725                .unwrap()
1726                .downcast::<T>()
1727                .map_err(|_| anyhow!("the type of the window's root view has changed"))?;
1728            Ok(read(root_view, self))
1729        } else {
1730            self.app.read_window(window, read)
1731        }
1732    }
1733}
1734
1735impl VisualContext for WindowContext<'_> {
1736    fn new_view<V>(
1737        &mut self,
1738        build_view_state: impl FnOnce(&mut ViewContext<'_, V>) -> V,
1739    ) -> Self::Result<View<V>>
1740    where
1741        V: 'static + Render,
1742    {
1743        let slot = self.app.entities.reserve();
1744        let view = View {
1745            model: slot.clone(),
1746        };
1747        let mut cx = ViewContext::new(&mut *self.app, &mut *self.window, &view);
1748        let entity = build_view_state(&mut cx);
1749        cx.entities.insert(slot, entity);
1750
1751        cx.new_view_observers
1752            .clone()
1753            .retain(&TypeId::of::<V>(), |observer| {
1754                let any_view = AnyView::from(view.clone());
1755                (observer)(any_view, self);
1756                true
1757            });
1758
1759        view
1760    }
1761
1762    /// Updates the given view. Prefer calling [`View::update`] instead, which calls this method.
1763    fn update_view<T: 'static, R>(
1764        &mut self,
1765        view: &View<T>,
1766        update: impl FnOnce(&mut T, &mut ViewContext<'_, T>) -> R,
1767    ) -> Self::Result<R> {
1768        let mut lease = self.app.entities.lease(&view.model);
1769        let mut cx = ViewContext::new(&mut *self.app, &mut *self.window, view);
1770        let result = update(&mut *lease, &mut cx);
1771        cx.app.entities.end_lease(lease);
1772        result
1773    }
1774
1775    fn replace_root_view<V>(
1776        &mut self,
1777        build_view: impl FnOnce(&mut ViewContext<'_, V>) -> V,
1778    ) -> Self::Result<View<V>>
1779    where
1780        V: 'static + Render,
1781    {
1782        let view = self.new_view(build_view);
1783        self.window.root_view = Some(view.clone().into());
1784        self.refresh();
1785        view
1786    }
1787
1788    fn focus_view<V: crate::FocusableView>(&mut self, view: &View<V>) -> Self::Result<()> {
1789        self.update_view(view, |view, cx| {
1790            view.focus_handle(cx).clone().focus(cx);
1791        })
1792    }
1793
1794    fn dismiss_view<V>(&mut self, view: &View<V>) -> Self::Result<()>
1795    where
1796        V: ManagedView,
1797    {
1798        self.update_view(view, |_, cx| cx.emit(DismissEvent))
1799    }
1800}
1801
1802impl<'a> std::ops::Deref for WindowContext<'a> {
1803    type Target = AppContext;
1804
1805    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
1806        self.app
1807    }
1808}
1809
1810impl<'a> std::ops::DerefMut for WindowContext<'a> {
1811    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
1812        self.app
1813    }
1814}
1815
1816impl<'a> Borrow<AppContext> for WindowContext<'a> {
1817    fn borrow(&self) -> &AppContext {
1818        self.app
1819    }
1820}
1821
1822impl<'a> BorrowMut<AppContext> for WindowContext<'a> {
1823    fn borrow_mut(&mut self) -> &mut AppContext {
1824        self.app
1825    }
1826}
1827
1828/// This trait contains functionality that is shared across [`ViewContext`] and [`WindowContext`]
1829pub trait BorrowWindow: BorrowMut<Window> + BorrowMut<AppContext> {
1830    #[doc(hidden)]
1831    fn app_mut(&mut self) -> &mut AppContext {
1832        self.borrow_mut()
1833    }
1834
1835    #[doc(hidden)]
1836    fn app(&self) -> &AppContext {
1837        self.borrow()
1838    }
1839
1840    #[doc(hidden)]
1841    fn window(&self) -> &Window {
1842        self.borrow()
1843    }
1844
1845    #[doc(hidden)]
1846    fn window_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Window {
1847        self.borrow_mut()
1848    }
1849}
1850
1851impl Borrow<Window> for WindowContext<'_> {
1852    fn borrow(&self) -> &Window {
1853        self.window
1854    }
1855}
1856
1857impl BorrowMut<Window> for WindowContext<'_> {
1858    fn borrow_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Window {
1859        self.window
1860    }
1861}
1862
1863impl<T> BorrowWindow for T where T: BorrowMut<AppContext> + BorrowMut<Window> {}
1864
1865/// Provides access to application state that is specialized for a particular [`View`].
1866/// Allows you to interact with focus, emit events, etc.
1867/// ViewContext also derefs to [`WindowContext`], giving you access to all of its methods as well.
1868/// When you call [`View::update`], you're passed a `&mut V` and an `&mut ViewContext<V>`.
1869pub struct ViewContext<'a, V> {
1870    window_cx: WindowContext<'a>,
1871    view: &'a View<V>,
1872}
1873
1874impl<V> Borrow<AppContext> for ViewContext<'_, V> {
1875    fn borrow(&self) -> &AppContext {
1876        &*self.window_cx.app
1877    }
1878}
1879
1880impl<V> BorrowMut<AppContext> for ViewContext<'_, V> {
1881    fn borrow_mut(&mut self) -> &mut AppContext {
1882        &mut *self.window_cx.app
1883    }
1884}
1885
1886impl<V> Borrow<Window> for ViewContext<'_, V> {
1887    fn borrow(&self) -> &Window {
1888        &*self.window_cx.window
1889    }
1890}
1891
1892impl<V> BorrowMut<Window> for ViewContext<'_, V> {
1893    fn borrow_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Window {
1894        &mut *self.window_cx.window
1895    }
1896}
1897
1898impl<'a, V: 'static> ViewContext<'a, V> {
1899    pub(crate) fn new(app: &'a mut AppContext, window: &'a mut Window, view: &'a View<V>) -> Self {
1900        Self {
1901            window_cx: WindowContext::new(app, window),
1902            view,
1903        }
1904    }
1905
1906    /// Get the entity_id of this view.
1907    pub fn entity_id(&self) -> EntityId {
1908        self.view.entity_id()
1909    }
1910
1911    /// Get the view pointer underlying this context.
1912    pub fn view(&self) -> &View<V> {
1913        self.view
1914    }
1915
1916    /// Get the model underlying this view.
1917    pub fn model(&self) -> &Model<V> {
1918        &self.view.model
1919    }
1920
1921    /// Access the underlying window context.
1922    pub fn window_context(&mut self) -> &mut WindowContext<'a> {
1923        &mut self.window_cx
1924    }
1925
1926    /// Sets a given callback to be run on the next frame.
1927    pub fn on_next_frame(&mut self, f: impl FnOnce(&mut V, &mut ViewContext<V>) + 'static)
1928    where
1929        V: 'static,
1930    {
1931        let view = self.view().clone();
1932        self.window_cx.on_next_frame(move |cx| view.update(cx, f));
1933    }
1934
1935    /// Schedules the given function to be run at the end of the current effect cycle, allowing entities
1936    /// that are currently on the stack to be returned to the app.
1937    pub fn defer(&mut self, f: impl FnOnce(&mut V, &mut ViewContext<V>) + 'static) {
1938        let view = self.view().downgrade();
1939        self.window_cx.defer(move |cx| {
1940            view.update(cx, f).ok();
1941        });
1942    }
1943
1944    /// Observe another model or view for changes to its state, as tracked by [`ModelContext::notify`].
1945    pub fn observe<V2, E>(
1946        &mut self,
1947        entity: &E,
1948        mut on_notify: impl FnMut(&mut V, E, &mut ViewContext<'_, V>) + 'static,
1949    ) -> Subscription
1950    where
1951        V2: 'static,
1952        V: 'static,
1953        E: Entity<V2>,
1954    {
1955        let view = self.view().downgrade();
1956        let entity_id = entity.entity_id();
1957        let entity = entity.downgrade();
1958        let window_handle = self.window.handle;
1959        let (subscription, activate) = self.app.observers.insert(
1960            entity_id,
1961            Box::new(move |cx| {
1962                window_handle
1963                    .update(cx, |_, cx| {
1964                        if let Some(handle) = E::upgrade_from(&entity) {
1965                            view.update(cx, |this, cx| on_notify(this, handle, cx))
1966                                .is_ok()
1967                        } else {
1968                            false
1969                        }
1970                    })
1971                    .unwrap_or(false)
1972            }),
1973        );
1974        self.app.defer(move |_| activate());
1975        subscription
1976    }
1977
1978    /// Subscribe to events emitted by another model or view.
1979    /// The entity to which you're subscribing must implement the [`EventEmitter`] trait.
1980    /// The callback will be invoked with a reference to the current view, a handle to the emitting entity (either a [`View`] or [`Model`]), the event, and a view context for the current view.
1981    pub fn subscribe<V2, E, Evt>(
1982        &mut self,
1983        entity: &E,
1984        mut on_event: impl FnMut(&mut V, E, &Evt, &mut ViewContext<'_, V>) + 'static,
1985    ) -> Subscription
1986    where
1987        V2: EventEmitter<Evt>,
1988        E: Entity<V2>,
1989        Evt: 'static,
1990    {
1991        let view = self.view().downgrade();
1992        let entity_id = entity.entity_id();
1993        let handle = entity.downgrade();
1994        let window_handle = self.window.handle;
1995        let (subscription, activate) = self.app.event_listeners.insert(
1996            entity_id,
1997            (
1998                TypeId::of::<Evt>(),
1999                Box::new(move |event, cx| {
2000                    window_handle
2001                        .update(cx, |_, cx| {
2002                            if let Some(handle) = E::upgrade_from(&handle) {
2003                                let event = event.downcast_ref().expect("invalid event type");
2004                                view.update(cx, |this, cx| on_event(this, handle, event, cx))
2005                                    .is_ok()
2006                            } else {
2007                                false
2008                            }
2009                        })
2010                        .unwrap_or(false)
2011                }),
2012            ),
2013        );
2014        self.app.defer(move |_| activate());
2015        subscription
2016    }
2017
2018    /// Register a callback to be invoked when the view is released.
2019    ///
2020    /// The callback receives a handle to the view's window. This handle may be
2021    /// invalid, if the window was closed before the view was released.
2022    pub fn on_release(
2023        &mut self,
2024        on_release: impl FnOnce(&mut V, AnyWindowHandle, &mut AppContext) + 'static,
2025    ) -> Subscription {
2026        let window_handle = self.window.handle;
2027        let (subscription, activate) = self.app.release_listeners.insert(
2028            self.view.model.entity_id,
2029            Box::new(move |this, cx| {
2030                let this = this.downcast_mut().expect("invalid entity type");
2031                on_release(this, window_handle, cx)
2032            }),
2033        );
2034        activate();
2035        subscription
2036    }
2037
2038    /// Register a callback to be invoked when the given Model or View is released.
2039    pub fn observe_release<V2, E>(
2040        &mut self,
2041        entity: &E,
2042        mut on_release: impl FnMut(&mut V, &mut V2, &mut ViewContext<'_, V>) + 'static,
2043    ) -> Subscription
2044    where
2045        V: 'static,
2046        V2: 'static,
2047        E: Entity<V2>,
2048    {
2049        let view = self.view().downgrade();
2050        let entity_id = entity.entity_id();
2051        let window_handle = self.window.handle;
2052        let (subscription, activate) = self.app.release_listeners.insert(
2053            entity_id,
2054            Box::new(move |entity, cx| {
2055                let entity = entity.downcast_mut().expect("invalid entity type");
2056                let _ = window_handle.update(cx, |_, cx| {
2057                    view.update(cx, |this, cx| on_release(this, entity, cx))
2058                });
2059            }),
2060        );
2061        activate();
2062        subscription
2063    }
2064
2065    /// Indicate that this view has changed, which will invoke any observers and also mark the window as dirty.
2066    /// If this view or any of its ancestors are *cached*, notifying it will cause it or its ancestors to be redrawn.
2067    pub fn notify(&mut self) {
2068        for view_id in self
2069            .window
2070            .rendered_frame
2071            .dispatch_tree
2072            .view_path(self.view.entity_id())
2073            .into_iter()
2074            .rev()
2075        {
2076            if !self.window.dirty_views.insert(view_id) {
2077                break;
2078            }
2079        }
2080
2081        if !self.window.drawing {
2082            self.window_cx.window.dirty.set(true);
2083            self.window_cx.app.push_effect(Effect::Notify {
2084                emitter: self.view.model.entity_id,
2085            });
2086        }
2087    }
2088
2089    /// Register a callback to be invoked when the window is resized.
2090    pub fn observe_window_bounds(
2091        &mut self,
2092        mut callback: impl FnMut(&mut V, &mut ViewContext<V>) + 'static,
2093    ) -> Subscription {
2094        let view = self.view.downgrade();
2095        let (subscription, activate) = self.window.bounds_observers.insert(
2096            (),
2097            Box::new(move |cx| view.update(cx, |view, cx| callback(view, cx)).is_ok()),
2098        );
2099        activate();
2100        subscription
2101    }
2102
2103    /// Register a callback to be invoked when the window is activated or deactivated.
2104    pub fn observe_window_activation(
2105        &mut self,
2106        mut callback: impl FnMut(&mut V, &mut ViewContext<V>) + 'static,
2107    ) -> Subscription {
2108        let view = self.view.downgrade();
2109        let (subscription, activate) = self.window.activation_observers.insert(
2110            (),
2111            Box::new(move |cx| view.update(cx, |view, cx| callback(view, cx)).is_ok()),
2112        );
2113        activate();
2114        subscription
2115    }
2116
2117    /// Registers a callback to be invoked when the window appearance changes.
2118    pub fn observe_window_appearance(
2119        &mut self,
2120        mut callback: impl FnMut(&mut V, &mut ViewContext<V>) + 'static,
2121    ) -> Subscription {
2122        let view = self.view.downgrade();
2123        let (subscription, activate) = self.window.appearance_observers.insert(
2124            (),
2125            Box::new(move |cx| view.update(cx, |view, cx| callback(view, cx)).is_ok()),
2126        );
2127        activate();
2128        subscription
2129    }
2130
2131    /// Register a listener to be called when the given focus handle receives focus.
2132    /// Returns a subscription and persists until the subscription is dropped.
2133    pub fn on_focus(
2134        &mut self,
2135        handle: &FocusHandle,
2136        mut listener: impl FnMut(&mut V, &mut ViewContext<V>) + 'static,
2137    ) -> Subscription {
2138        let view = self.view.downgrade();
2139        let focus_id = handle.id;
2140        let (subscription, activate) = self.window.focus_listeners.insert(
2141            (),
2142            Box::new(move |event, cx| {
2143                view.update(cx, |view, cx| {
2144                    if event.previous_focus_path.last() != Some(&focus_id)
2145                        && event.current_focus_path.last() == Some(&focus_id)
2146                    {
2147                        listener(view, cx)
2148                    }
2149                })
2150                .is_ok()
2151            }),
2152        );
2153        self.app.defer(move |_| activate());
2154        subscription
2155    }
2156
2157    /// Register a listener to be called when the given focus handle or one of its descendants receives focus.
2158    /// Returns a subscription and persists until the subscription is dropped.
2159    pub fn on_focus_in(
2160        &mut self,
2161        handle: &FocusHandle,
2162        mut listener: impl FnMut(&mut V, &mut ViewContext<V>) + 'static,
2163    ) -> Subscription {
2164        let view = self.view.downgrade();
2165        let focus_id = handle.id;
2166        let (subscription, activate) = self.window.focus_listeners.insert(
2167            (),
2168            Box::new(move |event, cx| {
2169                view.update(cx, |view, cx| {
2170                    if !event.previous_focus_path.contains(&focus_id)
2171                        && event.current_focus_path.contains(&focus_id)
2172                    {
2173                        listener(view, cx)
2174                    }
2175                })
2176                .is_ok()
2177            }),
2178        );
2179        self.app.defer(move |_| activate());
2180        subscription
2181    }
2182
2183    /// Register a listener to be called when the given focus handle loses focus.
2184    /// Returns a subscription and persists until the subscription is dropped.
2185    pub fn on_blur(
2186        &mut self,
2187        handle: &FocusHandle,
2188        mut listener: impl FnMut(&mut V, &mut ViewContext<V>) + 'static,
2189    ) -> Subscription {
2190        let view = self.view.downgrade();
2191        let focus_id = handle.id;
2192        let (subscription, activate) = self.window.focus_listeners.insert(
2193            (),
2194            Box::new(move |event, cx| {
2195                view.update(cx, |view, cx| {
2196                    if event.previous_focus_path.last() == Some(&focus_id)
2197                        && event.current_focus_path.last() != Some(&focus_id)
2198                    {
2199                        listener(view, cx)
2200                    }
2201                })
2202                .is_ok()
2203            }),
2204        );
2205        self.app.defer(move |_| activate());
2206        subscription
2207    }
2208
2209    /// Register a listener to be called when nothing in the window has focus.
2210    /// This typically happens when the node that was focused is removed from the tree,
2211    /// and this callback lets you chose a default place to restore the users focus.
2212    /// Returns a subscription and persists until the subscription is dropped.
2213    pub fn on_focus_lost(
2214        &mut self,
2215        mut listener: impl FnMut(&mut V, &mut ViewContext<V>) + 'static,
2216    ) -> Subscription {
2217        let view = self.view.downgrade();
2218        let (subscription, activate) = self.window.focus_lost_listeners.insert(
2219            (),
2220            Box::new(move |cx| view.update(cx, |view, cx| listener(view, cx)).is_ok()),
2221        );
2222        activate();
2223        subscription
2224    }
2225
2226    /// Register a listener to be called when the given focus handle or one of its descendants loses focus.
2227    /// Returns a subscription and persists until the subscription is dropped.
2228    pub fn on_focus_out(
2229        &mut self,
2230        handle: &FocusHandle,
2231        mut listener: impl FnMut(&mut V, &mut ViewContext<V>) + 'static,
2232    ) -> Subscription {
2233        let view = self.view.downgrade();
2234        let focus_id = handle.id;
2235        let (subscription, activate) = self.window.focus_listeners.insert(
2236            (),
2237            Box::new(move |event, cx| {
2238                view.update(cx, |view, cx| {
2239                    if event.previous_focus_path.contains(&focus_id)
2240                        && !event.current_focus_path.contains(&focus_id)
2241                    {
2242                        listener(view, cx)
2243                    }
2244                })
2245                .is_ok()
2246            }),
2247        );
2248        self.app.defer(move |_| activate());
2249        subscription
2250    }
2251
2252    /// Schedule a future to be run asynchronously.
2253    /// The given callback is invoked with a [`WeakView<V>`] to avoid leaking the view for a long-running process.
2254    /// It's also given an [`AsyncWindowContext`], which can be used to access the state of the view across await points.
2255    /// The returned future will be polled on the main thread.
2256    pub fn spawn<Fut, R>(
2257        &mut self,
2258        f: impl FnOnce(WeakView<V>, AsyncWindowContext) -> Fut,
2259    ) -> Task<R>
2260    where
2261        R: 'static,
2262        Fut: Future<Output = R> + 'static,
2263    {
2264        let view = self.view().downgrade();
2265        self.window_cx.spawn(|cx| f(view, cx))
2266    }
2267
2268    /// Updates the global state of the given type.
2269    pub fn update_global<G, R>(&mut self, f: impl FnOnce(&mut G, &mut Self) -> R) -> R
2270    where
2271        G: Global,
2272    {
2273        let mut global = self.app.lease_global::<G>();
2274        let result = f(&mut global, self);
2275        self.app.end_global_lease(global);
2276        result
2277    }
2278
2279    /// Register a callback to be invoked when the given global state changes.
2280    pub fn observe_global<G: Global>(
2281        &mut self,
2282        mut f: impl FnMut(&mut V, &mut ViewContext<'_, V>) + 'static,
2283    ) -> Subscription {
2284        let window_handle = self.window.handle;
2285        let view = self.view().downgrade();
2286        let (subscription, activate) = self.global_observers.insert(
2287            TypeId::of::<G>(),
2288            Box::new(move |cx| {
2289                window_handle
2290                    .update(cx, |_, cx| view.update(cx, |view, cx| f(view, cx)).is_ok())
2291                    .unwrap_or(false)
2292            }),
2293        );
2294        self.app.defer(move |_| activate());
2295        subscription
2296    }
2297
2298    /// Register a callback to be invoked when the given Action type is dispatched to the window.
2299    pub fn on_action(
2300        &mut self,
2301        action_type: TypeId,
2302        listener: impl Fn(&mut V, &dyn Any, DispatchPhase, &mut ViewContext<V>) + 'static,
2303    ) {
2304        let handle = self.view().clone();
2305        self.window_cx
2306            .on_action(action_type, move |action, phase, cx| {
2307                handle.update(cx, |view, cx| {
2308                    listener(view, action, phase, cx);
2309                })
2310            });
2311    }
2312
2313    /// Emit an event to be handled any other views that have subscribed via [ViewContext::subscribe].
2314    pub fn emit<Evt>(&mut self, event: Evt)
2315    where
2316        Evt: 'static,
2317        V: EventEmitter<Evt>,
2318    {
2319        let emitter = self.view.model.entity_id;
2320        self.app.push_effect(Effect::Emit {
2321            emitter,
2322            event_type: TypeId::of::<Evt>(),
2323            event: Box::new(event),
2324        });
2325    }
2326
2327    /// Move focus to the current view, assuming it implements [`FocusableView`].
2328    pub fn focus_self(&mut self)
2329    where
2330        V: FocusableView,
2331    {
2332        self.defer(|view, cx| view.focus_handle(cx).focus(cx))
2333    }
2334
2335    /// Convenience method for accessing view state in an event callback.
2336    ///
2337    /// Many GPUI callbacks take the form of `Fn(&E, &mut WindowContext)`,
2338    /// but it's often useful to be able to access view state in these
2339    /// callbacks. This method provides a convenient way to do so.
2340    pub fn listener<E>(
2341        &self,
2342        f: impl Fn(&mut V, &E, &mut ViewContext<V>) + 'static,
2343    ) -> impl Fn(&E, &mut WindowContext) + 'static {
2344        let view = self.view().downgrade();
2345        move |e: &E, cx: &mut WindowContext| {
2346            view.update(cx, |view, cx| f(view, e, cx)).ok();
2347        }
2348    }
2349}
2350
2351impl<V> Context for ViewContext<'_, V> {
2352    type Result<U> = U;
2353
2354    fn new_model<T: 'static>(
2355        &mut self,
2356        build_model: impl FnOnce(&mut ModelContext<'_, T>) -> T,
2357    ) -> Model<T> {
2358        self.window_cx.new_model(build_model)
2359    }
2360
2361    fn update_model<T: 'static, R>(
2362        &mut self,
2363        model: &Model<T>,
2364        update: impl FnOnce(&mut T, &mut ModelContext<'_, T>) -> R,
2365    ) -> R {
2366        self.window_cx.update_model(model, update)
2367    }
2368
2369    fn update_window<T, F>(&mut self, window: AnyWindowHandle, update: F) -> Result<T>
2370    where
2371        F: FnOnce(AnyView, &mut WindowContext<'_>) -> T,
2372    {
2373        self.window_cx.update_window(window, update)
2374    }
2375
2376    fn read_model<T, R>(
2377        &self,
2378        handle: &Model<T>,
2379        read: impl FnOnce(&T, &AppContext) -> R,
2380    ) -> Self::Result<R>
2381    where
2382        T: 'static,
2383    {
2384        self.window_cx.read_model(handle, read)
2385    }
2386
2387    fn read_window<T, R>(
2388        &self,
2389        window: &WindowHandle<T>,
2390        read: impl FnOnce(View<T>, &AppContext) -> R,
2391    ) -> Result<R>
2392    where
2393        T: 'static,
2394    {
2395        self.window_cx.read_window(window, read)
2396    }
2397}
2398
2399impl<V: 'static> VisualContext for ViewContext<'_, V> {
2400    fn new_view<W: Render + 'static>(
2401        &mut self,
2402        build_view_state: impl FnOnce(&mut ViewContext<'_, W>) -> W,
2403    ) -> Self::Result<View<W>> {
2404        self.window_cx.new_view(build_view_state)
2405    }
2406
2407    fn update_view<V2: 'static, R>(
2408        &mut self,
2409        view: &View<V2>,
2410        update: impl FnOnce(&mut V2, &mut ViewContext<'_, V2>) -> R,
2411    ) -> Self::Result<R> {
2412        self.window_cx.update_view(view, update)
2413    }
2414
2415    fn replace_root_view<W>(
2416        &mut self,
2417        build_view: impl FnOnce(&mut ViewContext<'_, W>) -> W,
2418    ) -> Self::Result<View<W>>
2419    where
2420        W: 'static + Render,
2421    {
2422        self.window_cx.replace_root_view(build_view)
2423    }
2424
2425    fn focus_view<W: FocusableView>(&mut self, view: &View<W>) -> Self::Result<()> {
2426        self.window_cx.focus_view(view)
2427    }
2428
2429    fn dismiss_view<W: ManagedView>(&mut self, view: &View<W>) -> Self::Result<()> {
2430        self.window_cx.dismiss_view(view)
2431    }
2432}
2433
2434impl<'a, V> std::ops::Deref for ViewContext<'a, V> {
2435    type Target = WindowContext<'a>;
2436
2437    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
2438        &self.window_cx
2439    }
2440}
2441
2442impl<'a, V> std::ops::DerefMut for ViewContext<'a, V> {
2443    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
2444        &mut self.window_cx
2445    }
2446}
2447
2448// #[derive(Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
2449slotmap::new_key_type! {
2450    /// A unique identifier for a window.
2451    pub struct WindowId;
2452}
2453
2454impl WindowId {
2455    /// Converts this window ID to a `u64`.
2456    pub fn as_u64(&self) -> u64 {
2457        self.0.as_ffi()
2458    }
2459}
2460
2461/// A handle to a window with a specific root view type.
2462/// Note that this does not keep the window alive on its own.
2463#[derive(Deref, DerefMut)]
2464pub struct WindowHandle<V> {
2465    #[deref]
2466    #[deref_mut]
2467    pub(crate) any_handle: AnyWindowHandle,
2468    state_type: PhantomData<V>,
2469}
2470
2471impl<V: 'static + Render> WindowHandle<V> {
2472    /// Creates a new handle from a window ID.
2473    /// This does not check if the root type of the window is `V`.
2474    pub fn new(id: WindowId) -> Self {
2475        WindowHandle {
2476            any_handle: AnyWindowHandle {
2477                id,
2478                state_type: TypeId::of::<V>(),
2479            },
2480            state_type: PhantomData,
2481        }
2482    }
2483
2484    /// Get the root view out of this window.
2485    ///
2486    /// This will fail if the window is closed or if the root view's type does not match `V`.
2487    pub fn root<C>(&self, cx: &mut C) -> Result<View<V>>
2488    where
2489        C: Context,
2490    {
2491        Flatten::flatten(cx.update_window(self.any_handle, |root_view, _| {
2492            root_view
2493                .downcast::<V>()
2494                .map_err(|_| anyhow!("the type of the window's root view has changed"))
2495        }))
2496    }
2497
2498    /// Updates the root view of this window.
2499    ///
2500    /// This will fail if the window has been closed or if the root view's type does not match
2501    pub fn update<C, R>(
2502        &self,
2503        cx: &mut C,
2504        update: impl FnOnce(&mut V, &mut ViewContext<'_, V>) -> R,
2505    ) -> Result<R>
2506    where
2507        C: Context,
2508    {
2509        cx.update_window(self.any_handle, |root_view, cx| {
2510            let view = root_view
2511                .downcast::<V>()
2512                .map_err(|_| anyhow!("the type of the window's root view has changed"))?;
2513            Ok(cx.update_view(&view, update))
2514        })?
2515    }
2516
2517    /// Read the root view out of this window.
2518    ///
2519    /// This will fail if the window is closed or if the root view's type does not match `V`.
2520    pub fn read<'a>(&self, cx: &'a AppContext) -> Result<&'a V> {
2521        let x = cx
2522            .windows
2523            .get(self.id)
2524            .and_then(|window| {
2525                window
2526                    .as_ref()
2527                    .and_then(|window| window.root_view.clone())
2528                    .map(|root_view| root_view.downcast::<V>())
2529            })
2530            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("window not found"))?
2531            .map_err(|_| anyhow!("the type of the window's root view has changed"))?;
2532
2533        Ok(x.read(cx))
2534    }
2535
2536    /// Read the root view out of this window, with a callback
2537    ///
2538    /// This will fail if the window is closed or if the root view's type does not match `V`.
2539    pub fn read_with<C, R>(&self, cx: &C, read_with: impl FnOnce(&V, &AppContext) -> R) -> Result<R>
2540    where
2541        C: Context,
2542    {
2543        cx.read_window(self, |root_view, cx| read_with(root_view.read(cx), cx))
2544    }
2545
2546    /// Read the root view pointer off of this window.
2547    ///
2548    /// This will fail if the window is closed or if the root view's type does not match `V`.
2549    pub fn root_view<C>(&self, cx: &C) -> Result<View<V>>
2550    where
2551        C: Context,
2552    {
2553        cx.read_window(self, |root_view, _cx| root_view.clone())
2554    }
2555
2556    /// Check if this window is 'active'.
2557    ///
2558    /// Will return `None` if the window is closed.
2559    pub fn is_active(&self, cx: &AppContext) -> Option<bool> {
2560        cx.windows
2561            .get(self.id)
2562            .and_then(|window| window.as_ref().map(|window| window.active))
2563    }
2564}
2565
2566impl<V> Copy for WindowHandle<V> {}
2567
2568impl<V> Clone for WindowHandle<V> {
2569    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
2570        *self
2571    }
2572}
2573
2574impl<V> PartialEq for WindowHandle<V> {
2575    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
2576        self.any_handle == other.any_handle
2577    }
2578}
2579
2580impl<V> Eq for WindowHandle<V> {}
2581
2582impl<V> Hash for WindowHandle<V> {
2583    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
2584        self.any_handle.hash(state);
2585    }
2586}
2587
2588impl<V: 'static> From<WindowHandle<V>> for AnyWindowHandle {
2589    fn from(val: WindowHandle<V>) -> Self {
2590        val.any_handle
2591    }
2592}
2593
2594/// A handle to a window with any root view type, which can be downcast to a window with a specific root view type.
2595#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
2596pub struct AnyWindowHandle {
2597    pub(crate) id: WindowId,
2598    state_type: TypeId,
2599}
2600
2601impl AnyWindowHandle {
2602    /// Get the ID of this window.
2603    pub fn window_id(&self) -> WindowId {
2604        self.id
2605    }
2606
2607    /// Attempt to convert this handle to a window handle with a specific root view type.
2608    /// If the types do not match, this will return `None`.
2609    pub fn downcast<T: 'static>(&self) -> Option<WindowHandle<T>> {
2610        if TypeId::of::<T>() == self.state_type {
2611            Some(WindowHandle {
2612                any_handle: *self,
2613                state_type: PhantomData,
2614            })
2615        } else {
2616            None
2617        }
2618    }
2619
2620    /// Updates the state of the root view of this window.
2621    ///
2622    /// This will fail if the window has been closed.
2623    pub fn update<C, R>(
2624        self,
2625        cx: &mut C,
2626        update: impl FnOnce(AnyView, &mut WindowContext<'_>) -> R,
2627    ) -> Result<R>
2628    where
2629        C: Context,
2630    {
2631        cx.update_window(self, update)
2632    }
2633
2634    /// Read the state of the root view of this window.
2635    ///
2636    /// This will fail if the window has been closed.
2637    pub fn read<T, C, R>(self, cx: &C, read: impl FnOnce(View<T>, &AppContext) -> R) -> Result<R>
2638    where
2639        C: Context,
2640        T: 'static,
2641    {
2642        let view = self
2643            .downcast::<T>()
2644            .context("the type of the window's root view has changed")?;
2645
2646        cx.read_window(&view, read)
2647    }
2648}
2649
2650/// An identifier for an [`Element`](crate::Element).
2651///
2652/// Can be constructed with a string, a number, or both, as well
2653/// as other internal representations.
2654#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
2655pub enum ElementId {
2656    /// The ID of a View element
2657    View(EntityId),
2658    /// An integer ID.
2659    Integer(usize),
2660    /// A string based ID.
2661    Name(SharedString),
2662    /// An ID that's equated with a focus handle.
2663    FocusHandle(FocusId),
2664    /// A combination of a name and an integer.
2665    NamedInteger(SharedString, usize),
2666}
2667
2668impl Display for ElementId {
2669    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
2670        match self {
2671            ElementId::View(entity_id) => write!(f, "view-{}", entity_id)?,
2672            ElementId::Integer(ix) => write!(f, "{}", ix)?,
2673            ElementId::Name(name) => write!(f, "{}", name)?,
2674            ElementId::FocusHandle(_) => write!(f, "FocusHandle")?,
2675            ElementId::NamedInteger(s, i) => write!(f, "{}-{}", s, i)?,
2676        }
2677
2678        Ok(())
2679    }
2680}
2681
2682impl ElementId {
2683    pub(crate) fn from_entity_id(entity_id: EntityId) -> Self {
2684        ElementId::View(entity_id)
2685    }
2686}
2687
2688impl TryInto<SharedString> for ElementId {
2689    type Error = anyhow::Error;
2690
2691    fn try_into(self) -> anyhow::Result<SharedString> {
2692        if let ElementId::Name(name) = self {
2693            Ok(name)
2694        } else {
2695            Err(anyhow!("element id is not string"))
2696        }
2697    }
2698}
2699
2700impl From<usize> for ElementId {
2701    fn from(id: usize) -> Self {
2702        ElementId::Integer(id)
2703    }
2704}
2705
2706impl From<i32> for ElementId {
2707    fn from(id: i32) -> Self {
2708        Self::Integer(id as usize)
2709    }
2710}
2711
2712impl From<SharedString> for ElementId {
2713    fn from(name: SharedString) -> Self {
2714        ElementId::Name(name)
2715    }
2716}
2717
2718impl From<&'static str> for ElementId {
2719    fn from(name: &'static str) -> Self {
2720        ElementId::Name(name.into())
2721    }
2722}
2723
2724impl<'a> From<&'a FocusHandle> for ElementId {
2725    fn from(handle: &'a FocusHandle) -> Self {
2726        ElementId::FocusHandle(handle.id)
2727    }
2728}
2729
2730impl From<(&'static str, EntityId)> for ElementId {
2731    fn from((name, id): (&'static str, EntityId)) -> Self {
2732        ElementId::NamedInteger(name.into(), id.as_u64() as usize)
2733    }
2734}
2735
2736impl From<(&'static str, usize)> for ElementId {
2737    fn from((name, id): (&'static str, usize)) -> Self {
2738        ElementId::NamedInteger(name.into(), id)
2739    }
2740}
2741
2742impl From<(&'static str, u64)> for ElementId {
2743    fn from((name, id): (&'static str, u64)) -> Self {
2744        ElementId::NamedInteger(name.into(), id as usize)
2745    }
2746}
2747
2748/// A rectangle to be rendered in the window at the given position and size.
2749/// Passed as an argument [`ElementContext::paint_quad`].
2750#[derive(Clone)]
2751pub struct PaintQuad {
2752    bounds: Bounds<Pixels>,
2753    corner_radii: Corners<Pixels>,
2754    background: Hsla,
2755    border_widths: Edges<Pixels>,
2756    border_color: Hsla,
2757}
2758
2759impl PaintQuad {
2760    /// Sets the corner radii of the quad.
2761    pub fn corner_radii(self, corner_radii: impl Into<Corners<Pixels>>) -> Self {
2762        PaintQuad {
2763            corner_radii: corner_radii.into(),
2764            ..self
2765        }
2766    }
2767
2768    /// Sets the border widths of the quad.
2769    pub fn border_widths(self, border_widths: impl Into<Edges<Pixels>>) -> Self {
2770        PaintQuad {
2771            border_widths: border_widths.into(),
2772            ..self
2773        }
2774    }
2775
2776    /// Sets the border color of the quad.
2777    pub fn border_color(self, border_color: impl Into<Hsla>) -> Self {
2778        PaintQuad {
2779            border_color: border_color.into(),
2780            ..self
2781        }
2782    }
2783
2784    /// Sets the background color of the quad.
2785    pub fn background(self, background: impl Into<Hsla>) -> Self {
2786        PaintQuad {
2787            background: background.into(),
2788            ..self
2789        }
2790    }
2791}
2792
2793/// Creates a quad with the given parameters.
2794pub fn quad(
2795    bounds: Bounds<Pixels>,
2796    corner_radii: impl Into<Corners<Pixels>>,
2797    background: impl Into<Hsla>,
2798    border_widths: impl Into<Edges<Pixels>>,
2799    border_color: impl Into<Hsla>,
2800) -> PaintQuad {
2801    PaintQuad {
2802        bounds,
2803        corner_radii: corner_radii.into(),
2804        background: background.into(),
2805        border_widths: border_widths.into(),
2806        border_color: border_color.into(),
2807    }
2808}
2809
2810/// Creates a filled quad with the given bounds and background color.
2811pub fn fill(bounds: impl Into<Bounds<Pixels>>, background: impl Into<Hsla>) -> PaintQuad {
2812    PaintQuad {
2813        bounds: bounds.into(),
2814        corner_radii: (0.).into(),
2815        background: background.into(),
2816        border_widths: (0.).into(),
2817        border_color: transparent_black(),
2818    }
2819}
2820
2821/// Creates a rectangle outline with the given bounds, border color, and a 1px border width
2822pub fn outline(bounds: impl Into<Bounds<Pixels>>, border_color: impl Into<Hsla>) -> PaintQuad {
2823    PaintQuad {
2824        bounds: bounds.into(),
2825        corner_radii: (0.).into(),
2826        background: transparent_black(),
2827        border_widths: (1.).into(),
2828        border_color: border_color.into(),
2829    }
2830}