window.rs

   1use crate::{
   2    px, size, transparent_black, Action, AnyDrag, AnyView, AppContext, Arena, AsyncWindowContext,
   3    AvailableSpace, Bounds, Context, Corners, CursorStyle, DispatchActionListener, DispatchNodeId,
   4    DispatchTree, DisplayId, Edges, Effect, Entity, EntityId, EventEmitter, FileDropEvent, Flatten,
   5    Global, GlobalElementId, Hsla, KeyBinding, KeyContext, KeyDownEvent, KeyMatch, KeymatchResult,
   6    Keystroke, KeystrokeEvent, Model, ModelContext, Modifiers, MouseButton, MouseMoveEvent,
   7    MouseUpEvent, Pixels, PlatformAtlas, PlatformDisplay, PlatformInput, PlatformWindow, Point,
   8    PromptLevel, Render, ScaledPixels, SharedString, Size, SubscriberSet, Subscription,
   9    TaffyLayoutEngine, Task, View, VisualContext, WeakView, WindowBounds, WindowOptions,
  10    WindowTextSystem,
  11};
  12use anyhow::{anyhow, Context as _, Result};
  13use collections::FxHashSet;
  14use derive_more::{Deref, DerefMut};
  15use futures::{
  16    channel::{mpsc, oneshot},
  17    StreamExt,
  18};
  19use parking_lot::RwLock;
  20use slotmap::SlotMap;
  21use smallvec::SmallVec;
  22use std::{
  23    any::{Any, TypeId},
  24    borrow::{Borrow, BorrowMut},
  25    cell::{Cell, RefCell},
  26    collections::hash_map::Entry,
  27    fmt::{Debug, Display},
  28    future::Future,
  29    hash::{Hash, Hasher},
  30    marker::PhantomData,
  31    mem,
  32    rc::Rc,
  33    sync::{
  34        atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering::SeqCst},
  35        Arc,
  36    },
  37    time::{Duration, Instant},
  38};
  39use util::{measure, ResultExt};
  40
  41mod element_cx;
  42pub use element_cx::*;
  43
  44const ACTIVE_DRAG_Z_INDEX: u16 = 1;
  45
  46/// A global stacking order, which is created by stacking successive z-index values.
  47/// Each z-index will always be interpreted in the context of its parent z-index.
  48#[derive(Debug, Deref, DerefMut, Clone, Ord, PartialOrd, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
  49pub struct StackingOrder(SmallVec<[StackingContext; 64]>);
  50
  51/// A single entry in a primitive's z-index stacking order
  52#[derive(Clone, Ord, PartialOrd, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
  53pub struct StackingContext {
  54    pub(crate) z_index: u16,
  55    pub(crate) id: u16,
  56}
  57
  58impl std::fmt::Debug for StackingContext {
  59    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
  60        write!(f, "{{{}.{}}} ", self.z_index, self.id)
  61    }
  62}
  63
  64/// Represents the two different phases when dispatching events.
  65#[derive(Default, Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
  66pub enum DispatchPhase {
  67    /// After the capture phase comes the bubble phase, in which mouse event listeners are
  68    /// invoked front to back and keyboard event listeners are invoked from the focused element
  69    /// to the root of the element tree. This is the phase you'll most commonly want to use when
  70    /// registering event listeners.
  71    #[default]
  72    Bubble,
  73    /// During the initial capture phase, mouse event listeners are invoked back to front, and keyboard
  74    /// listeners are invoked from the root of the tree downward toward the focused element. This phase
  75    /// is used for special purposes such as clearing the "pressed" state for click events. If
  76    /// you stop event propagation during this phase, you need to know what you're doing. Handlers
  77    /// outside of the immediate region may rely on detecting non-local events during this phase.
  78    Capture,
  79}
  80
  81impl DispatchPhase {
  82    /// Returns true if this represents the "bubble" phase.
  83    pub fn bubble(self) -> bool {
  84        self == DispatchPhase::Bubble
  85    }
  86
  87    /// Returns true if this represents the "capture" phase.
  88    pub fn capture(self) -> bool {
  89        self == DispatchPhase::Capture
  90    }
  91}
  92
  93type AnyObserver = Box<dyn FnMut(&mut WindowContext) -> bool + 'static>;
  94
  95type AnyWindowFocusListener = Box<dyn FnMut(&FocusEvent, &mut WindowContext) -> bool + 'static>;
  96
  97struct FocusEvent {
  98    previous_focus_path: SmallVec<[FocusId; 8]>,
  99    current_focus_path: SmallVec<[FocusId; 8]>,
 100}
 101
 102slotmap::new_key_type! {
 103    /// A globally unique identifier for a focusable element.
 104    pub struct FocusId;
 105}
 106
 107thread_local! {
 108    pub(crate) static ELEMENT_ARENA: RefCell<Arena> = RefCell::new(Arena::new(8 * 1024 * 1024));
 109}
 110
 111impl FocusId {
 112    /// Obtains whether the element associated with this handle is currently focused.
 113    pub fn is_focused(&self, cx: &WindowContext) -> bool {
 114        cx.window.focus == Some(*self)
 115    }
 116
 117    /// Obtains whether the element associated with this handle contains the focused
 118    /// element or is itself focused.
 119    pub fn contains_focused(&self, cx: &WindowContext) -> bool {
 120        cx.focused()
 121            .map_or(false, |focused| self.contains(focused.id, cx))
 122    }
 123
 124    /// Obtains whether the element associated with this handle is contained within the
 125    /// focused element or is itself focused.
 126    pub fn within_focused(&self, cx: &WindowContext) -> bool {
 127        let focused = cx.focused();
 128        focused.map_or(false, |focused| focused.id.contains(*self, cx))
 129    }
 130
 131    /// Obtains whether this handle contains the given handle in the most recently rendered frame.
 132    pub(crate) fn contains(&self, other: Self, cx: &WindowContext) -> bool {
 133        cx.window
 134            .rendered_frame
 135            .dispatch_tree
 136            .focus_contains(*self, other)
 137    }
 138}
 139
 140/// A handle which can be used to track and manipulate the focused element in a window.
 141pub struct FocusHandle {
 142    pub(crate) id: FocusId,
 143    handles: Arc<RwLock<SlotMap<FocusId, AtomicUsize>>>,
 144}
 145
 146impl std::fmt::Debug for FocusHandle {
 147    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
 148        f.write_fmt(format_args!("FocusHandle({:?})", self.id))
 149    }
 150}
 151
 152impl FocusHandle {
 153    pub(crate) fn new(handles: &Arc<RwLock<SlotMap<FocusId, AtomicUsize>>>) -> Self {
 154        let id = handles.write().insert(AtomicUsize::new(1));
 155        Self {
 156            id,
 157            handles: handles.clone(),
 158        }
 159    }
 160
 161    pub(crate) fn for_id(
 162        id: FocusId,
 163        handles: &Arc<RwLock<SlotMap<FocusId, AtomicUsize>>>,
 164    ) -> Option<Self> {
 165        let lock = handles.read();
 166        let ref_count = lock.get(id)?;
 167        if ref_count.load(SeqCst) == 0 {
 168            None
 169        } else {
 170            ref_count.fetch_add(1, SeqCst);
 171            Some(Self {
 172                id,
 173                handles: handles.clone(),
 174            })
 175        }
 176    }
 177
 178    /// Moves the focus to the element associated with this handle.
 179    pub fn focus(&self, cx: &mut WindowContext) {
 180        cx.focus(self)
 181    }
 182
 183    /// Obtains whether the element associated with this handle is currently focused.
 184    pub fn is_focused(&self, cx: &WindowContext) -> bool {
 185        self.id.is_focused(cx)
 186    }
 187
 188    /// Obtains whether the element associated with this handle contains the focused
 189    /// element or is itself focused.
 190    pub fn contains_focused(&self, cx: &WindowContext) -> bool {
 191        self.id.contains_focused(cx)
 192    }
 193
 194    /// Obtains whether the element associated with this handle is contained within the
 195    /// focused element or is itself focused.
 196    pub fn within_focused(&self, cx: &WindowContext) -> bool {
 197        self.id.within_focused(cx)
 198    }
 199
 200    /// Obtains whether this handle contains the given handle in the most recently rendered frame.
 201    pub fn contains(&self, other: &Self, cx: &WindowContext) -> bool {
 202        self.id.contains(other.id, cx)
 203    }
 204}
 205
 206impl Clone for FocusHandle {
 207    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
 208        Self::for_id(self.id, &self.handles).unwrap()
 209    }
 210}
 211
 212impl PartialEq for FocusHandle {
 213    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
 214        self.id == other.id
 215    }
 216}
 217
 218impl Eq for FocusHandle {}
 219
 220impl Drop for FocusHandle {
 221    fn drop(&mut self) {
 222        self.handles
 223            .read()
 224            .get(self.id)
 225            .unwrap()
 226            .fetch_sub(1, SeqCst);
 227    }
 228}
 229
 230/// FocusableView allows users of your view to easily
 231/// focus it (using cx.focus_view(view))
 232pub trait FocusableView: 'static + Render {
 233    /// Returns the focus handle associated with this view.
 234    fn focus_handle(&self, cx: &AppContext) -> FocusHandle;
 235}
 236
 237/// ManagedView is a view (like a Modal, Popover, Menu, etc.)
 238/// where the lifecycle of the view is handled by another view.
 239pub trait ManagedView: FocusableView + EventEmitter<DismissEvent> {}
 240
 241impl<M: FocusableView + EventEmitter<DismissEvent>> ManagedView for M {}
 242
 243/// Emitted by implementers of [`ManagedView`] to indicate the view should be dismissed, such as when a view is presented as a modal.
 244pub struct DismissEvent;
 245
 246// Holds the state for a specific window.
 247#[doc(hidden)]
 248pub struct Window {
 249    pub(crate) handle: AnyWindowHandle,
 250    pub(crate) removed: bool,
 251    pub(crate) platform_window: Box<dyn PlatformWindow>,
 252    display_id: DisplayId,
 253    sprite_atlas: Arc<dyn PlatformAtlas>,
 254    text_system: Arc<WindowTextSystem>,
 255    pub(crate) rem_size: Pixels,
 256    pub(crate) viewport_size: Size<Pixels>,
 257    layout_engine: Option<TaffyLayoutEngine>,
 258    pub(crate) root_view: Option<AnyView>,
 259    pub(crate) element_id_stack: GlobalElementId,
 260    pub(crate) rendered_frame: Frame,
 261    pub(crate) next_frame: Frame,
 262    pub(crate) dirty_views: FxHashSet<EntityId>,
 263    pub(crate) focus_handles: Arc<RwLock<SlotMap<FocusId, AtomicUsize>>>,
 264    focus_listeners: SubscriberSet<(), AnyWindowFocusListener>,
 265    focus_lost_listeners: SubscriberSet<(), AnyObserver>,
 266    default_prevented: bool,
 267    mouse_position: Point<Pixels>,
 268    modifiers: Modifiers,
 269    scale_factor: f32,
 270    bounds: WindowBounds,
 271    bounds_observers: SubscriberSet<(), AnyObserver>,
 272    active: bool,
 273    pub(crate) dirty: Rc<Cell<bool>>,
 274    pub(crate) last_input_timestamp: Rc<Cell<Instant>>,
 275    pub(crate) refreshing: bool,
 276    pub(crate) drawing: bool,
 277    activation_observers: SubscriberSet<(), AnyObserver>,
 278    pub(crate) focus: Option<FocusId>,
 279    focus_enabled: bool,
 280    pending_input: Option<PendingInput>,
 281}
 282
 283#[derive(Default, Debug)]
 284struct PendingInput {
 285    keystrokes: SmallVec<[Keystroke; 1]>,
 286    bindings: SmallVec<[KeyBinding; 1]>,
 287    focus: Option<FocusId>,
 288    timer: Option<Task<()>>,
 289}
 290
 291impl PendingInput {
 292    fn input(&self) -> String {
 293        self.keystrokes
 294            .iter()
 295            .flat_map(|k| k.ime_key.clone())
 296            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
 297            .join("")
 298    }
 299
 300    fn used_by_binding(&self, binding: &KeyBinding) -> bool {
 301        if self.keystrokes.is_empty() {
 302            return true;
 303        }
 304        let keystroke = &self.keystrokes[0];
 305        for candidate in keystroke.match_candidates() {
 306            if binding.match_keystrokes(&[candidate]) == KeyMatch::Pending {
 307                return true;
 308            }
 309        }
 310        false
 311    }
 312}
 313
 314pub(crate) struct ElementStateBox {
 315    pub(crate) inner: Box<dyn Any>,
 316    pub(crate) parent_view_id: EntityId,
 317    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 318    pub(crate) type_name: &'static str,
 319}
 320
 321impl Window {
 322    pub(crate) fn new(
 323        handle: AnyWindowHandle,
 324        options: WindowOptions,
 325        cx: &mut AppContext,
 326    ) -> Self {
 327        let platform_window = cx.platform.open_window(handle, options);
 328        let display_id = platform_window.display().id();
 329        let sprite_atlas = platform_window.sprite_atlas();
 330        let mouse_position = platform_window.mouse_position();
 331        let modifiers = platform_window.modifiers();
 332        let content_size = platform_window.content_size();
 333        let scale_factor = platform_window.scale_factor();
 334        let bounds = platform_window.bounds();
 335        let text_system = Arc::new(WindowTextSystem::new(cx.text_system().clone()));
 336        let dirty = Rc::new(Cell::new(true));
 337        let last_input_timestamp = Rc::new(Cell::new(Instant::now()));
 338
 339        platform_window.on_request_frame(Box::new({
 340            let mut cx = cx.to_async();
 341            let dirty = dirty.clone();
 342            let last_input_timestamp = last_input_timestamp.clone();
 343            move || {
 344                if dirty.get() {
 345                    measure("frame duration", || {
 346                        handle
 347                            .update(&mut cx, |_, cx| {
 348                                cx.draw();
 349                                cx.present();
 350                            })
 351                            .log_err();
 352                    })
 353                } else if last_input_timestamp.get().elapsed() < Duration::from_secs(1) {
 354                    // Keep presenting the current scene for 1 extra second since the
 355                    // last input to prevent the display from underclocking the refresh rate.
 356                    handle.update(&mut cx, |_, cx| cx.present()).log_err();
 357                }
 358            }
 359        }));
 360        platform_window.on_resize(Box::new({
 361            let mut cx = cx.to_async();
 362            move |_, _| {
 363                handle
 364                    .update(&mut cx, |_, cx| cx.window_bounds_changed())
 365                    .log_err();
 366            }
 367        }));
 368        platform_window.on_moved(Box::new({
 369            let mut cx = cx.to_async();
 370            move || {
 371                handle
 372                    .update(&mut cx, |_, cx| cx.window_bounds_changed())
 373                    .log_err();
 374            }
 375        }));
 376        platform_window.on_active_status_change(Box::new({
 377            let mut cx = cx.to_async();
 378            move |active| {
 379                handle
 380                    .update(&mut cx, |_, cx| {
 381                        cx.window.active = active;
 382                        cx.window
 383                            .activation_observers
 384                            .clone()
 385                            .retain(&(), |callback| callback(cx));
 386                    })
 387                    .log_err();
 388            }
 389        }));
 390
 391        platform_window.on_input({
 392            let mut cx = cx.to_async();
 393            Box::new(move |event| {
 394                handle
 395                    .update(&mut cx, |_, cx| cx.dispatch_event(event))
 396                    .log_err()
 397                    .unwrap_or(false)
 398            })
 399        });
 400
 401        Window {
 402            handle,
 403            removed: false,
 404            platform_window,
 405            display_id,
 406            sprite_atlas,
 407            text_system,
 408            rem_size: px(16.),
 409            viewport_size: content_size,
 410            layout_engine: Some(TaffyLayoutEngine::new()),
 411            root_view: None,
 412            element_id_stack: GlobalElementId::default(),
 413            rendered_frame: Frame::new(DispatchTree::new(cx.keymap.clone(), cx.actions.clone())),
 414            next_frame: Frame::new(DispatchTree::new(cx.keymap.clone(), cx.actions.clone())),
 415            dirty_views: FxHashSet::default(),
 416            focus_handles: Arc::new(RwLock::new(SlotMap::with_key())),
 417            focus_listeners: SubscriberSet::new(),
 418            focus_lost_listeners: SubscriberSet::new(),
 419            default_prevented: true,
 420            mouse_position,
 421            modifiers,
 422            scale_factor,
 423            bounds,
 424            bounds_observers: SubscriberSet::new(),
 425            active: false,
 426            dirty,
 427            last_input_timestamp,
 428            refreshing: false,
 429            drawing: false,
 430            activation_observers: SubscriberSet::new(),
 431            focus: None,
 432            focus_enabled: true,
 433            pending_input: None,
 434        }
 435    }
 436}
 437
 438/// Indicates which region of the window is visible. Content falling outside of this mask will not be
 439/// rendered. Currently, only rectangular content masks are supported, but we give the mask its own type
 440/// to leave room to support more complex shapes in the future.
 441#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
 442#[repr(C)]
 443pub struct ContentMask<P: Clone + Default + Debug> {
 444    /// The bounds
 445    pub bounds: Bounds<P>,
 446}
 447
 448impl ContentMask<Pixels> {
 449    /// Scale the content mask's pixel units by the given scaling factor.
 450    pub fn scale(&self, factor: f32) -> ContentMask<ScaledPixels> {
 451        ContentMask {
 452            bounds: self.bounds.scale(factor),
 453        }
 454    }
 455
 456    /// Intersect the content mask with the given content mask.
 457    pub fn intersect(&self, other: &Self) -> Self {
 458        let bounds = self.bounds.intersect(&other.bounds);
 459        ContentMask { bounds }
 460    }
 461}
 462
 463/// Provides access to application state in the context of a single window. Derefs
 464/// to an [`AppContext`], so you can also pass a [`WindowContext`] to any method that takes
 465/// an [`AppContext`] and call any [`AppContext`] methods.
 466pub struct WindowContext<'a> {
 467    pub(crate) app: &'a mut AppContext,
 468    pub(crate) window: &'a mut Window,
 469}
 470
 471impl<'a> WindowContext<'a> {
 472    pub(crate) fn new(app: &'a mut AppContext, window: &'a mut Window) -> Self {
 473        Self { app, window }
 474    }
 475
 476    /// Obtain a handle to the window that belongs to this context.
 477    pub fn window_handle(&self) -> AnyWindowHandle {
 478        self.window.handle
 479    }
 480
 481    /// Mark the window as dirty, scheduling it to be redrawn on the next frame.
 482    pub fn refresh(&mut self) {
 483        if !self.window.drawing {
 484            self.window.refreshing = true;
 485            self.window.dirty.set(true);
 486        }
 487    }
 488
 489    /// Close this window.
 490    pub fn remove_window(&mut self) {
 491        self.window.removed = true;
 492    }
 493
 494    /// Obtain a new [`FocusHandle`], which allows you to track and manipulate the keyboard focus
 495    /// for elements rendered within this window.
 496    pub fn focus_handle(&mut self) -> FocusHandle {
 497        FocusHandle::new(&self.window.focus_handles)
 498    }
 499
 500    /// Obtain the currently focused [`FocusHandle`]. If no elements are focused, returns `None`.
 501    pub fn focused(&self) -> Option<FocusHandle> {
 502        self.window
 503            .focus
 504            .and_then(|id| FocusHandle::for_id(id, &self.window.focus_handles))
 505    }
 506
 507    /// Move focus to the element associated with the given [`FocusHandle`].
 508    pub fn focus(&mut self, handle: &FocusHandle) {
 509        if !self.window.focus_enabled || self.window.focus == Some(handle.id) {
 510            return;
 511        }
 512
 513        self.window.focus = Some(handle.id);
 514        self.window
 515            .rendered_frame
 516            .dispatch_tree
 517            .clear_pending_keystrokes();
 518        self.refresh();
 519    }
 520
 521    /// Remove focus from all elements within this context's window.
 522    pub fn blur(&mut self) {
 523        if !self.window.focus_enabled {
 524            return;
 525        }
 526
 527        self.window.focus = None;
 528        self.refresh();
 529    }
 530
 531    /// Blur the window and don't allow anything in it to be focused again.
 532    pub fn disable_focus(&mut self) {
 533        self.blur();
 534        self.window.focus_enabled = false;
 535    }
 536
 537    /// Accessor for the text system.
 538    pub fn text_system(&self) -> &Arc<WindowTextSystem> {
 539        &self.window.text_system
 540    }
 541
 542    /// Dispatch the given action on the currently focused element.
 543    pub fn dispatch_action(&mut self, action: Box<dyn Action>) {
 544        let focus_handle = self.focused();
 545
 546        self.defer(move |cx| {
 547            let node_id = focus_handle
 548                .and_then(|handle| {
 549                    cx.window
 550                        .rendered_frame
 551                        .dispatch_tree
 552                        .focusable_node_id(handle.id)
 553                })
 554                .unwrap_or_else(|| cx.window.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree.root_node_id());
 555
 556            cx.propagate_event = true;
 557            cx.dispatch_action_on_node(node_id, action);
 558        })
 559    }
 560
 561    pub(crate) fn dispatch_keystroke_observers(
 562        &mut self,
 563        event: &dyn Any,
 564        action: Option<Box<dyn Action>>,
 565    ) {
 566        let Some(key_down_event) = event.downcast_ref::<KeyDownEvent>() else {
 567            return;
 568        };
 569
 570        self.keystroke_observers
 571            .clone()
 572            .retain(&(), move |callback| {
 573                (callback)(
 574                    &KeystrokeEvent {
 575                        keystroke: key_down_event.keystroke.clone(),
 576                        action: action.as_ref().map(|action| action.boxed_clone()),
 577                    },
 578                    self,
 579                );
 580                true
 581            });
 582    }
 583
 584    pub(crate) fn clear_pending_keystrokes(&mut self) {
 585        self.window
 586            .rendered_frame
 587            .dispatch_tree
 588            .clear_pending_keystrokes();
 589        self.window
 590            .next_frame
 591            .dispatch_tree
 592            .clear_pending_keystrokes();
 593    }
 594
 595    /// Schedules the given function to be run at the end of the current effect cycle, allowing entities
 596    /// that are currently on the stack to be returned to the app.
 597    pub fn defer(&mut self, f: impl FnOnce(&mut WindowContext) + 'static) {
 598        let handle = self.window.handle;
 599        self.app.defer(move |cx| {
 600            handle.update(cx, |_, cx| f(cx)).ok();
 601        });
 602    }
 603
 604    /// Subscribe to events emitted by a model or view.
 605    /// The entity to which you're subscribing must implement the [`EventEmitter`] trait.
 606    /// The callback will be invoked a handle to the emitting entity (either a [`View`] or [`Model`]), the event, and a window context for the current window.
 607    pub fn subscribe<Emitter, E, Evt>(
 608        &mut self,
 609        entity: &E,
 610        mut on_event: impl FnMut(E, &Evt, &mut WindowContext<'_>) + 'static,
 611    ) -> Subscription
 612    where
 613        Emitter: EventEmitter<Evt>,
 614        E: Entity<Emitter>,
 615        Evt: 'static,
 616    {
 617        let entity_id = entity.entity_id();
 618        let entity = entity.downgrade();
 619        let window_handle = self.window.handle;
 620        let (subscription, activate) = self.app.event_listeners.insert(
 621            entity_id,
 622            (
 623                TypeId::of::<Evt>(),
 624                Box::new(move |event, cx| {
 625                    window_handle
 626                        .update(cx, |_, cx| {
 627                            if let Some(handle) = E::upgrade_from(&entity) {
 628                                let event = event.downcast_ref().expect("invalid event type");
 629                                on_event(handle, event, cx);
 630                                true
 631                            } else {
 632                                false
 633                            }
 634                        })
 635                        .unwrap_or(false)
 636                }),
 637            ),
 638        );
 639        self.app.defer(move |_| activate());
 640        subscription
 641    }
 642
 643    /// Creates an [`AsyncWindowContext`], which has a static lifetime and can be held across
 644    /// await points in async code.
 645    pub fn to_async(&self) -> AsyncWindowContext {
 646        AsyncWindowContext::new(self.app.to_async(), self.window.handle)
 647    }
 648
 649    /// Schedule the given closure to be run directly after the current frame is rendered.
 650    pub fn on_next_frame(&mut self, callback: impl FnOnce(&mut WindowContext) + 'static) {
 651        let handle = self.window.handle;
 652        let display_id = self.window.display_id;
 653
 654        let mut frame_consumers = std::mem::take(&mut self.app.frame_consumers);
 655        if let Entry::Vacant(e) = frame_consumers.entry(display_id) {
 656            let (tx, mut rx) = mpsc::unbounded::<()>();
 657            self.platform.set_display_link_output_callback(
 658                display_id,
 659                Box::new(move || _ = tx.unbounded_send(())),
 660            );
 661
 662            let consumer_task = self.app.spawn(|cx| async move {
 663                while rx.next().await.is_some() {
 664                    cx.update(|cx| {
 665                        for callback in cx
 666                            .next_frame_callbacks
 667                            .get_mut(&display_id)
 668                            .unwrap()
 669                            .drain(..)
 670                            .collect::<SmallVec<[_; 32]>>()
 671                        {
 672                            callback(cx);
 673                        }
 674                    })
 675                    .ok();
 676
 677                    // Flush effects, then stop the display link if no new next_frame_callbacks have been added.
 678
 679                    cx.update(|cx| {
 680                        if cx.next_frame_callbacks.is_empty() {
 681                            cx.platform.stop_display_link(display_id);
 682                        }
 683                    })
 684                    .ok();
 685                }
 686            });
 687            e.insert(consumer_task);
 688        }
 689        debug_assert!(self.app.frame_consumers.is_empty());
 690        self.app.frame_consumers = frame_consumers;
 691
 692        if self.next_frame_callbacks.is_empty() {
 693            self.platform.start_display_link(display_id);
 694        }
 695
 696        self.next_frame_callbacks
 697            .entry(display_id)
 698            .or_default()
 699            .push(Box::new(move |cx: &mut AppContext| {
 700                cx.update_window(handle, |_root_view, cx| callback(cx)).ok();
 701            }));
 702    }
 703
 704    /// Spawn the future returned by the given closure on the application thread pool.
 705    /// The closure is provided a handle to the current window and an `AsyncWindowContext` for
 706    /// use within your future.
 707    pub fn spawn<Fut, R>(&mut self, f: impl FnOnce(AsyncWindowContext) -> Fut) -> Task<R>
 708    where
 709        R: 'static,
 710        Fut: Future<Output = R> + 'static,
 711    {
 712        self.app
 713            .spawn(|app| f(AsyncWindowContext::new(app, self.window.handle)))
 714    }
 715
 716    /// Updates the global of the given type. The given closure is given simultaneous mutable
 717    /// access both to the global and the context.
 718    pub fn update_global<G, R>(&mut self, f: impl FnOnce(&mut G, &mut Self) -> R) -> R
 719    where
 720        G: Global,
 721    {
 722        let mut global = self.app.lease_global::<G>();
 723        let result = f(&mut global, self);
 724        self.app.end_global_lease(global);
 725        result
 726    }
 727
 728    fn window_bounds_changed(&mut self) {
 729        self.window.scale_factor = self.window.platform_window.scale_factor();
 730        self.window.viewport_size = self.window.platform_window.content_size();
 731        self.window.bounds = self.window.platform_window.bounds();
 732        self.window.display_id = self.window.platform_window.display().id();
 733        self.refresh();
 734
 735        self.window
 736            .bounds_observers
 737            .clone()
 738            .retain(&(), |callback| callback(self));
 739    }
 740
 741    /// Returns the bounds of the current window in the global coordinate space, which could span across multiple displays.
 742    pub fn window_bounds(&self) -> WindowBounds {
 743        self.window.bounds
 744    }
 745
 746    /// Returns the size of the drawable area within the window.
 747    pub fn viewport_size(&self) -> Size<Pixels> {
 748        self.window.viewport_size
 749    }
 750
 751    /// Returns whether this window is focused by the operating system (receiving key events).
 752    pub fn is_window_active(&self) -> bool {
 753        self.window.active
 754    }
 755
 756    /// Toggle zoom on the window.
 757    pub fn zoom_window(&self) {
 758        self.window.platform_window.zoom();
 759    }
 760
 761    /// Updates the window's title at the platform level.
 762    pub fn set_window_title(&mut self, title: &str) {
 763        self.window.platform_window.set_title(title);
 764    }
 765
 766    /// Mark the window as dirty at the platform level.
 767    pub fn set_window_edited(&mut self, edited: bool) {
 768        self.window.platform_window.set_edited(edited);
 769    }
 770
 771    /// Determine the display on which the window is visible.
 772    pub fn display(&self) -> Option<Rc<dyn PlatformDisplay>> {
 773        self.platform
 774            .displays()
 775            .into_iter()
 776            .find(|display| display.id() == self.window.display_id)
 777    }
 778
 779    /// Show the platform character palette.
 780    pub fn show_character_palette(&self) {
 781        self.window.platform_window.show_character_palette();
 782    }
 783
 784    /// The scale factor of the display associated with the window. For example, it could
 785    /// return 2.0 for a "retina" display, indicating that each logical pixel should actually
 786    /// be rendered as two pixels on screen.
 787    pub fn scale_factor(&self) -> f32 {
 788        self.window.scale_factor
 789    }
 790
 791    /// The size of an em for the base font of the application. Adjusting this value allows the
 792    /// UI to scale, just like zooming a web page.
 793    pub fn rem_size(&self) -> Pixels {
 794        self.window.rem_size
 795    }
 796
 797    /// Sets the size of an em for the base font of the application. Adjusting this value allows the
 798    /// UI to scale, just like zooming a web page.
 799    pub fn set_rem_size(&mut self, rem_size: impl Into<Pixels>) {
 800        self.window.rem_size = rem_size.into();
 801    }
 802
 803    /// The line height associated with the current text style.
 804    pub fn line_height(&self) -> Pixels {
 805        let rem_size = self.rem_size();
 806        let text_style = self.text_style();
 807        text_style
 808            .line_height
 809            .to_pixels(text_style.font_size, rem_size)
 810    }
 811
 812    /// Call to prevent the default action of an event. Currently only used to prevent
 813    /// parent elements from becoming focused on mouse down.
 814    pub fn prevent_default(&mut self) {
 815        self.window.default_prevented = true;
 816    }
 817
 818    /// Obtain whether default has been prevented for the event currently being dispatched.
 819    pub fn default_prevented(&self) -> bool {
 820        self.window.default_prevented
 821    }
 822
 823    /// Determine whether the given action is available along the dispatch path to the currently focused element.
 824    pub fn is_action_available(&self, action: &dyn Action) -> bool {
 825        let target = self
 826            .focused()
 827            .and_then(|focused_handle| {
 828                self.window
 829                    .rendered_frame
 830                    .dispatch_tree
 831                    .focusable_node_id(focused_handle.id)
 832            })
 833            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.window.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree.root_node_id());
 834        self.window
 835            .rendered_frame
 836            .dispatch_tree
 837            .is_action_available(action, target)
 838    }
 839
 840    /// The position of the mouse relative to the window.
 841    pub fn mouse_position(&self) -> Point<Pixels> {
 842        self.window.mouse_position
 843    }
 844
 845    /// The current state of the keyboard's modifiers
 846    pub fn modifiers(&self) -> Modifiers {
 847        self.window.modifiers
 848    }
 849
 850    /// Returns true if there is no opaque layer containing the given point
 851    /// on top of the given level. Layers who are extensions of the queried layer
 852    /// are not considered to be on top of queried layer.
 853    pub fn was_top_layer(&self, point: &Point<Pixels>, layer: &StackingOrder) -> bool {
 854        // Precondition: the depth map is ordered from topmost to bottomost.
 855
 856        for (opaque_layer, _, bounds) in self.window.rendered_frame.depth_map.iter() {
 857            if layer >= opaque_layer {
 858                // The queried layer is either above or is the same as the this opaque layer.
 859                // Anything after this point is guaranteed to be below the queried layer.
 860                return true;
 861            }
 862
 863            if !bounds.contains(point) {
 864                // This opaque layer is above the queried layer but it doesn't contain
 865                // the given position, so we can ignore it even if it's above.
 866                continue;
 867            }
 868
 869            // At this point, we've established that this opaque layer is on top of the queried layer
 870            // and contains the position:
 871            // If neither the opaque layer or the queried layer is an extension of the other then
 872            // we know they are on different stacking orders, and return false.
 873            let is_on_same_layer = opaque_layer
 874                .iter()
 875                .zip(layer.iter())
 876                .all(|(a, b)| a.z_index == b.z_index);
 877
 878            if !is_on_same_layer {
 879                return false;
 880            }
 881        }
 882
 883        true
 884    }
 885
 886    pub(crate) fn was_top_layer_under_active_drag(
 887        &self,
 888        point: &Point<Pixels>,
 889        layer: &StackingOrder,
 890    ) -> bool {
 891        // Precondition: the depth map is ordered from topmost to bottomost.
 892
 893        for (opaque_layer, _, bounds) in self.window.rendered_frame.depth_map.iter() {
 894            if layer >= opaque_layer {
 895                // The queried layer is either above or is the same as the this opaque layer.
 896                // Anything after this point is guaranteed to be below the queried layer.
 897                return true;
 898            }
 899
 900            if !bounds.contains(point) {
 901                // This opaque layer is above the queried layer but it doesn't contain
 902                // the given position, so we can ignore it even if it's above.
 903                continue;
 904            }
 905
 906            // All normal content is rendered with a base z-index of 0, we know that if the root of this opaque layer
 907            // equals `ACTIVE_DRAG_Z_INDEX` then it must be the drag layer and we can ignore it as we are
 908            // looking to see if the queried layer was the topmost underneath the drag layer.
 909            if opaque_layer
 910                .first()
 911                .map(|c| c.z_index == ACTIVE_DRAG_Z_INDEX)
 912                .unwrap_or(false)
 913            {
 914                continue;
 915            }
 916
 917            // At this point, we've established that this opaque layer is on top of the queried layer
 918            // and contains the position:
 919            // If neither the opaque layer or the queried layer is an extension of the other then
 920            // we know they are on different stacking orders, and return false.
 921            let is_on_same_layer = opaque_layer
 922                .iter()
 923                .zip(layer.iter())
 924                .all(|(a, b)| a.z_index == b.z_index);
 925
 926            if !is_on_same_layer {
 927                return false;
 928            }
 929        }
 930
 931        true
 932    }
 933
 934    /// Called during painting to get the current stacking order.
 935    pub fn stacking_order(&self) -> &StackingOrder {
 936        &self.window.next_frame.z_index_stack
 937    }
 938
 939    /// Produces a new frame and assigns it to `rendered_frame`. To actually show
 940    /// the contents of the new [Scene], use [present].
 941    pub(crate) fn draw(&mut self) {
 942        self.window.dirty.set(false);
 943        self.window.drawing = true;
 944
 945        if let Some(requested_handler) = self.window.rendered_frame.requested_input_handler.as_mut()
 946        {
 947            let input_handler = self.window.platform_window.take_input_handler();
 948            requested_handler.handler = input_handler;
 949        }
 950
 951        let root_view = self.window.root_view.take().unwrap();
 952        self.with_element_context(|cx| {
 953            cx.with_z_index(0, |cx| {
 954                cx.with_key_dispatch(Some(KeyContext::default()), None, |_, cx| {
 955                    // We need to use cx.cx here so we can utilize borrow splitting
 956                    for (action_type, action_listeners) in &cx.cx.app.global_action_listeners {
 957                        for action_listener in action_listeners.iter().cloned() {
 958                            cx.cx.window.next_frame.dispatch_tree.on_action(
 959                                *action_type,
 960                                Rc::new(
 961                                    move |action: &dyn Any, phase, cx: &mut WindowContext<'_>| {
 962                                        action_listener(action, phase, cx)
 963                                    },
 964                                ),
 965                            )
 966                        }
 967                    }
 968
 969                    let available_space = cx.window.viewport_size.map(Into::into);
 970                    root_view.draw(Point::default(), available_space, cx);
 971                })
 972            })
 973        });
 974
 975        if let Some(active_drag) = self.app.active_drag.take() {
 976            self.with_element_context(|cx| {
 977                cx.with_z_index(ACTIVE_DRAG_Z_INDEX, |cx| {
 978                    let offset = cx.mouse_position() - active_drag.cursor_offset;
 979                    let available_space =
 980                        size(AvailableSpace::MinContent, AvailableSpace::MinContent);
 981                    active_drag.view.draw(offset, available_space, cx);
 982                })
 983            });
 984            self.active_drag = Some(active_drag);
 985        } else if let Some(tooltip_request) = self.window.next_frame.tooltip_request.take() {
 986            self.with_element_context(|cx| {
 987                cx.with_z_index(1, |cx| {
 988                    let available_space =
 989                        size(AvailableSpace::MinContent, AvailableSpace::MinContent);
 990                    tooltip_request.tooltip.view.draw(
 991                        tooltip_request.tooltip.cursor_offset,
 992                        available_space,
 993                        cx,
 994                    );
 995                })
 996            });
 997            self.window.next_frame.tooltip_request = Some(tooltip_request);
 998        }
 999        self.window.dirty_views.clear();
1000
1001        self.window
1002            .next_frame
1003            .dispatch_tree
1004            .preserve_pending_keystrokes(
1005                &mut self.window.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree,
1006                self.window.focus,
1007            );
1008        self.window.next_frame.focus = self.window.focus;
1009        self.window.next_frame.window_active = self.window.active;
1010        self.window.root_view = Some(root_view);
1011
1012        // Set the cursor only if we're the active window.
1013        let cursor_style = self
1014            .window
1015            .next_frame
1016            .requested_cursor_style
1017            .take()
1018            .unwrap_or(CursorStyle::Arrow);
1019        if self.is_window_active() {
1020            self.platform.set_cursor_style(cursor_style);
1021        }
1022
1023        // Register requested input handler with the platform window.
1024        if let Some(requested_input) = self.window.next_frame.requested_input_handler.as_mut() {
1025            if let Some(handler) = requested_input.handler.take() {
1026                self.window.platform_window.set_input_handler(handler);
1027            }
1028        }
1029
1030        self.window.layout_engine.as_mut().unwrap().clear();
1031        self.text_system()
1032            .finish_frame(&self.window.next_frame.reused_views);
1033        self.window
1034            .next_frame
1035            .finish(&mut self.window.rendered_frame);
1036        ELEMENT_ARENA.with_borrow_mut(|element_arena| {
1037            let percentage = (element_arena.len() as f32 / element_arena.capacity() as f32) * 100.;
1038            if percentage >= 80. {
1039                log::warn!("elevated element arena occupation: {}.", percentage);
1040            }
1041            element_arena.clear();
1042        });
1043
1044        let previous_focus_path = self.window.rendered_frame.focus_path();
1045        let previous_window_active = self.window.rendered_frame.window_active;
1046        mem::swap(&mut self.window.rendered_frame, &mut self.window.next_frame);
1047        self.window.next_frame.clear();
1048        let current_focus_path = self.window.rendered_frame.focus_path();
1049        let current_window_active = self.window.rendered_frame.window_active;
1050
1051        if previous_focus_path != current_focus_path
1052            || previous_window_active != current_window_active
1053        {
1054            if !previous_focus_path.is_empty() && current_focus_path.is_empty() {
1055                self.window
1056                    .focus_lost_listeners
1057                    .clone()
1058                    .retain(&(), |listener| listener(self));
1059            }
1060
1061            let event = FocusEvent {
1062                previous_focus_path: if previous_window_active {
1063                    previous_focus_path
1064                } else {
1065                    Default::default()
1066                },
1067                current_focus_path: if current_window_active {
1068                    current_focus_path
1069                } else {
1070                    Default::default()
1071                },
1072            };
1073            self.window
1074                .focus_listeners
1075                .clone()
1076                .retain(&(), |listener| listener(&event, self));
1077        }
1078        self.window.refreshing = false;
1079        self.window.drawing = false;
1080    }
1081
1082    fn present(&self) {
1083        self.window
1084            .platform_window
1085            .draw(&self.window.rendered_frame.scene);
1086    }
1087
1088    /// Dispatch a mouse or keyboard event on the window.
1089    pub fn dispatch_event(&mut self, event: PlatformInput) -> bool {
1090        self.window.last_input_timestamp.set(Instant::now());
1091        // Handlers may set this to false by calling `stop_propagation`.
1092        self.app.propagate_event = true;
1093        // Handlers may set this to true by calling `prevent_default`.
1094        self.window.default_prevented = false;
1095
1096        let event = match event {
1097            // Track the mouse position with our own state, since accessing the platform
1098            // API for the mouse position can only occur on the main thread.
1099            PlatformInput::MouseMove(mouse_move) => {
1100                self.window.mouse_position = mouse_move.position;
1101                self.window.modifiers = mouse_move.modifiers;
1102                PlatformInput::MouseMove(mouse_move)
1103            }
1104            PlatformInput::MouseDown(mouse_down) => {
1105                self.window.mouse_position = mouse_down.position;
1106                self.window.modifiers = mouse_down.modifiers;
1107                PlatformInput::MouseDown(mouse_down)
1108            }
1109            PlatformInput::MouseUp(mouse_up) => {
1110                self.window.mouse_position = mouse_up.position;
1111                self.window.modifiers = mouse_up.modifiers;
1112                PlatformInput::MouseUp(mouse_up)
1113            }
1114            PlatformInput::MouseExited(mouse_exited) => {
1115                self.window.modifiers = mouse_exited.modifiers;
1116                PlatformInput::MouseExited(mouse_exited)
1117            }
1118            PlatformInput::ModifiersChanged(modifiers_changed) => {
1119                self.window.modifiers = modifiers_changed.modifiers;
1120                PlatformInput::ModifiersChanged(modifiers_changed)
1121            }
1122            PlatformInput::ScrollWheel(scroll_wheel) => {
1123                self.window.mouse_position = scroll_wheel.position;
1124                self.window.modifiers = scroll_wheel.modifiers;
1125                PlatformInput::ScrollWheel(scroll_wheel)
1126            }
1127            // Translate dragging and dropping of external files from the operating system
1128            // to internal drag and drop events.
1129            PlatformInput::FileDrop(file_drop) => match file_drop {
1130                FileDropEvent::Entered { position, paths } => {
1131                    self.window.mouse_position = position;
1132                    if self.active_drag.is_none() {
1133                        self.active_drag = Some(AnyDrag {
1134                            value: Box::new(paths.clone()),
1135                            view: self.new_view(|_| paths).into(),
1136                            cursor_offset: position,
1137                        });
1138                    }
1139                    PlatformInput::MouseMove(MouseMoveEvent {
1140                        position,
1141                        pressed_button: Some(MouseButton::Left),
1142                        modifiers: Modifiers::default(),
1143                    })
1144                }
1145                FileDropEvent::Pending { position } => {
1146                    self.window.mouse_position = position;
1147                    PlatformInput::MouseMove(MouseMoveEvent {
1148                        position,
1149                        pressed_button: Some(MouseButton::Left),
1150                        modifiers: Modifiers::default(),
1151                    })
1152                }
1153                FileDropEvent::Submit { position } => {
1154                    self.activate(true);
1155                    self.window.mouse_position = position;
1156                    PlatformInput::MouseUp(MouseUpEvent {
1157                        button: MouseButton::Left,
1158                        position,
1159                        modifiers: Modifiers::default(),
1160                        click_count: 1,
1161                    })
1162                }
1163                FileDropEvent::Exited => PlatformInput::MouseUp(MouseUpEvent {
1164                    button: MouseButton::Left,
1165                    position: Point::default(),
1166                    modifiers: Modifiers::default(),
1167                    click_count: 1,
1168                }),
1169            },
1170            PlatformInput::KeyDown(_) | PlatformInput::KeyUp(_) => event,
1171        };
1172
1173        if let Some(any_mouse_event) = event.mouse_event() {
1174            self.dispatch_mouse_event(any_mouse_event);
1175        } else if let Some(any_key_event) = event.keyboard_event() {
1176            self.dispatch_key_event(any_key_event);
1177        }
1178
1179        !self.app.propagate_event
1180    }
1181
1182    fn dispatch_mouse_event(&mut self, event: &dyn Any) {
1183        if let Some(mut handlers) = self
1184            .window
1185            .rendered_frame
1186            .mouse_listeners
1187            .remove(&event.type_id())
1188        {
1189            // Because handlers may add other handlers, we sort every time.
1190            handlers.sort_by(|(a, _, _), (b, _, _)| a.cmp(b));
1191
1192            // Capture phase, events bubble from back to front. Handlers for this phase are used for
1193            // special purposes, such as detecting events outside of a given Bounds.
1194            for (_, _, handler) in &mut handlers {
1195                self.with_element_context(|cx| {
1196                    handler(event, DispatchPhase::Capture, cx);
1197                });
1198                if !self.app.propagate_event {
1199                    break;
1200                }
1201            }
1202
1203            // Bubble phase, where most normal handlers do their work.
1204            if self.app.propagate_event {
1205                for (_, _, handler) in handlers.iter_mut().rev() {
1206                    self.with_element_context(|cx| {
1207                        handler(event, DispatchPhase::Bubble, cx);
1208                    });
1209                    if !self.app.propagate_event {
1210                        break;
1211                    }
1212                }
1213            }
1214
1215            self.window
1216                .rendered_frame
1217                .mouse_listeners
1218                .insert(event.type_id(), handlers);
1219        }
1220
1221        if self.app.propagate_event && self.has_active_drag() {
1222            if event.is::<MouseMoveEvent>() {
1223                // If this was a mouse move event, redraw the window so that the
1224                // active drag can follow the mouse cursor.
1225                self.refresh();
1226            } else if event.is::<MouseUpEvent>() {
1227                // If this was a mouse up event, cancel the active drag and redraw
1228                // the window.
1229                self.active_drag = None;
1230                self.refresh();
1231            }
1232        }
1233    }
1234
1235    fn dispatch_key_event(&mut self, event: &dyn Any) {
1236        let node_id = self
1237            .window
1238            .focus
1239            .and_then(|focus_id| {
1240                self.window
1241                    .rendered_frame
1242                    .dispatch_tree
1243                    .focusable_node_id(focus_id)
1244            })
1245            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.window.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree.root_node_id());
1246
1247        let dispatch_path = self
1248            .window
1249            .rendered_frame
1250            .dispatch_tree
1251            .dispatch_path(node_id);
1252
1253        if let Some(key_down_event) = event.downcast_ref::<KeyDownEvent>() {
1254            let KeymatchResult { bindings, pending } = self
1255                .window
1256                .rendered_frame
1257                .dispatch_tree
1258                .dispatch_key(&key_down_event.keystroke, &dispatch_path);
1259
1260            if pending {
1261                let mut currently_pending = self.window.pending_input.take().unwrap_or_default();
1262                if currently_pending.focus.is_some() && currently_pending.focus != self.window.focus
1263                {
1264                    currently_pending = PendingInput::default();
1265                }
1266                currently_pending.focus = self.window.focus;
1267                currently_pending
1268                    .keystrokes
1269                    .push(key_down_event.keystroke.clone());
1270                for binding in bindings {
1271                    currently_pending.bindings.push(binding);
1272                }
1273
1274                currently_pending.timer = Some(self.spawn(|mut cx| async move {
1275                    cx.background_executor.timer(Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
1276                    cx.update(move |cx| {
1277                        cx.clear_pending_keystrokes();
1278                        let Some(currently_pending) = cx.window.pending_input.take() else {
1279                            return;
1280                        };
1281                        cx.replay_pending_input(currently_pending)
1282                    })
1283                    .log_err();
1284                }));
1285                self.window.pending_input = Some(currently_pending);
1286
1287                self.propagate_event = false;
1288                return;
1289            } else if let Some(currently_pending) = self.window.pending_input.take() {
1290                if bindings
1291                    .iter()
1292                    .all(|binding| !currently_pending.used_by_binding(binding))
1293                {
1294                    self.replay_pending_input(currently_pending)
1295                }
1296            }
1297
1298            if !bindings.is_empty() {
1299                self.clear_pending_keystrokes();
1300            }
1301
1302            self.propagate_event = true;
1303            for binding in bindings {
1304                self.dispatch_action_on_node(node_id, binding.action.boxed_clone());
1305                if !self.propagate_event {
1306                    self.dispatch_keystroke_observers(event, Some(binding.action));
1307                    return;
1308                }
1309            }
1310        }
1311
1312        self.dispatch_key_down_up_event(event, &dispatch_path);
1313        if !self.propagate_event {
1314            return;
1315        }
1316
1317        self.dispatch_keystroke_observers(event, None);
1318    }
1319
1320    fn dispatch_key_down_up_event(
1321        &mut self,
1322        event: &dyn Any,
1323        dispatch_path: &SmallVec<[DispatchNodeId; 32]>,
1324    ) {
1325        // Capture phase
1326        for node_id in dispatch_path {
1327            let node = self.window.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree.node(*node_id);
1328
1329            for key_listener in node.key_listeners.clone() {
1330                self.with_element_context(|cx| {
1331                    key_listener(event, DispatchPhase::Capture, cx);
1332                });
1333                if !self.propagate_event {
1334                    return;
1335                }
1336            }
1337        }
1338
1339        // Bubble phase
1340        for node_id in dispatch_path.iter().rev() {
1341            // Handle low level key events
1342            let node = self.window.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree.node(*node_id);
1343            for key_listener in node.key_listeners.clone() {
1344                self.with_element_context(|cx| {
1345                    key_listener(event, DispatchPhase::Bubble, cx);
1346                });
1347                if !self.propagate_event {
1348                    return;
1349                }
1350            }
1351        }
1352    }
1353
1354    /// Determine whether a potential multi-stroke key binding is in progress on this window.
1355    pub fn has_pending_keystrokes(&self) -> bool {
1356        self.window
1357            .rendered_frame
1358            .dispatch_tree
1359            .has_pending_keystrokes()
1360    }
1361
1362    fn replay_pending_input(&mut self, currently_pending: PendingInput) {
1363        let node_id = self
1364            .window
1365            .focus
1366            .and_then(|focus_id| {
1367                self.window
1368                    .rendered_frame
1369                    .dispatch_tree
1370                    .focusable_node_id(focus_id)
1371            })
1372            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.window.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree.root_node_id());
1373
1374        if self.window.focus != currently_pending.focus {
1375            return;
1376        }
1377
1378        let input = currently_pending.input();
1379
1380        self.propagate_event = true;
1381        for binding in currently_pending.bindings {
1382            self.dispatch_action_on_node(node_id, binding.action.boxed_clone());
1383            if !self.propagate_event {
1384                return;
1385            }
1386        }
1387
1388        let dispatch_path = self
1389            .window
1390            .rendered_frame
1391            .dispatch_tree
1392            .dispatch_path(node_id);
1393
1394        for keystroke in currently_pending.keystrokes {
1395            let event = KeyDownEvent {
1396                keystroke,
1397                is_held: false,
1398            };
1399
1400            self.dispatch_key_down_up_event(&event, &dispatch_path);
1401            if !self.propagate_event {
1402                return;
1403            }
1404        }
1405
1406        if !input.is_empty() {
1407            if let Some(mut input_handler) = self.window.platform_window.take_input_handler() {
1408                input_handler.flush_pending_input(&input, self);
1409                self.window.platform_window.set_input_handler(input_handler)
1410            }
1411        }
1412    }
1413
1414    fn dispatch_action_on_node(&mut self, node_id: DispatchNodeId, action: Box<dyn Action>) {
1415        let dispatch_path = self
1416            .window
1417            .rendered_frame
1418            .dispatch_tree
1419            .dispatch_path(node_id);
1420
1421        // Capture phase
1422        for node_id in &dispatch_path {
1423            let node = self.window.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree.node(*node_id);
1424            for DispatchActionListener {
1425                action_type,
1426                listener,
1427            } in node.action_listeners.clone()
1428            {
1429                let any_action = action.as_any();
1430                if action_type == any_action.type_id() {
1431                    self.with_element_context(|cx| {
1432                        listener(any_action, DispatchPhase::Capture, cx);
1433                    });
1434
1435                    if !self.propagate_event {
1436                        return;
1437                    }
1438                }
1439            }
1440        }
1441        // Bubble phase
1442        for node_id in dispatch_path.iter().rev() {
1443            let node = self.window.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree.node(*node_id);
1444            for DispatchActionListener {
1445                action_type,
1446                listener,
1447            } in node.action_listeners.clone()
1448            {
1449                let any_action = action.as_any();
1450                if action_type == any_action.type_id() {
1451                    self.propagate_event = false; // Actions stop propagation by default during the bubble phase
1452
1453                    self.with_element_context(|cx| {
1454                        listener(any_action, DispatchPhase::Bubble, cx);
1455                    });
1456
1457                    if !self.propagate_event {
1458                        return;
1459                    }
1460                }
1461            }
1462        }
1463    }
1464
1465    /// Register the given handler to be invoked whenever the global of the given type
1466    /// is updated.
1467    pub fn observe_global<G: Global>(
1468        &mut self,
1469        f: impl Fn(&mut WindowContext<'_>) + 'static,
1470    ) -> Subscription {
1471        let window_handle = self.window.handle;
1472        let (subscription, activate) = self.global_observers.insert(
1473            TypeId::of::<G>(),
1474            Box::new(move |cx| window_handle.update(cx, |_, cx| f(cx)).is_ok()),
1475        );
1476        self.app.defer(move |_| activate());
1477        subscription
1478    }
1479
1480    /// Focus the current window and bring it to the foreground at the platform level.
1481    pub fn activate_window(&self) {
1482        self.window.platform_window.activate();
1483    }
1484
1485    /// Minimize the current window at the platform level.
1486    pub fn minimize_window(&self) {
1487        self.window.platform_window.minimize();
1488    }
1489
1490    /// Toggle full screen status on the current window at the platform level.
1491    pub fn toggle_full_screen(&self) {
1492        self.window.platform_window.toggle_full_screen();
1493    }
1494
1495    /// Present a platform dialog.
1496    /// The provided message will be presented, along with buttons for each answer.
1497    /// When a button is clicked, the returned Receiver will receive the index of the clicked button.
1498    pub fn prompt(
1499        &self,
1500        level: PromptLevel,
1501        message: &str,
1502        detail: Option<&str>,
1503        answers: &[&str],
1504    ) -> oneshot::Receiver<usize> {
1505        self.window
1506            .platform_window
1507            .prompt(level, message, detail, answers)
1508    }
1509
1510    /// Returns all available actions for the focused element.
1511    pub fn available_actions(&self) -> Vec<Box<dyn Action>> {
1512        let node_id = self
1513            .window
1514            .focus
1515            .and_then(|focus_id| {
1516                self.window
1517                    .rendered_frame
1518                    .dispatch_tree
1519                    .focusable_node_id(focus_id)
1520            })
1521            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.window.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree.root_node_id());
1522
1523        self.window
1524            .rendered_frame
1525            .dispatch_tree
1526            .available_actions(node_id)
1527    }
1528
1529    /// Returns key bindings that invoke the given action on the currently focused element.
1530    pub fn bindings_for_action(&self, action: &dyn Action) -> Vec<KeyBinding> {
1531        self.window
1532            .rendered_frame
1533            .dispatch_tree
1534            .bindings_for_action(
1535                action,
1536                &self.window.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree.context_stack,
1537            )
1538    }
1539
1540    /// Returns any bindings that would invoke the given action on the given focus handle if it were focused.
1541    pub fn bindings_for_action_in(
1542        &self,
1543        action: &dyn Action,
1544        focus_handle: &FocusHandle,
1545    ) -> Vec<KeyBinding> {
1546        let dispatch_tree = &self.window.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree;
1547
1548        let Some(node_id) = dispatch_tree.focusable_node_id(focus_handle.id) else {
1549            return vec![];
1550        };
1551        let context_stack = dispatch_tree
1552            .dispatch_path(node_id)
1553            .into_iter()
1554            .filter_map(|node_id| dispatch_tree.node(node_id).context.clone())
1555            .collect();
1556        dispatch_tree.bindings_for_action(action, &context_stack)
1557    }
1558
1559    /// Returns a generic event listener that invokes the given listener with the view and context associated with the given view handle.
1560    pub fn listener_for<V: Render, E>(
1561        &self,
1562        view: &View<V>,
1563        f: impl Fn(&mut V, &E, &mut ViewContext<V>) + 'static,
1564    ) -> impl Fn(&E, &mut WindowContext) + 'static {
1565        let view = view.downgrade();
1566        move |e: &E, cx: &mut WindowContext| {
1567            view.update(cx, |view, cx| f(view, e, cx)).ok();
1568        }
1569    }
1570
1571    /// Returns a generic handler that invokes the given handler with the view and context associated with the given view handle.
1572    pub fn handler_for<V: Render>(
1573        &self,
1574        view: &View<V>,
1575        f: impl Fn(&mut V, &mut ViewContext<V>) + 'static,
1576    ) -> impl Fn(&mut WindowContext) {
1577        let view = view.downgrade();
1578        move |cx: &mut WindowContext| {
1579            view.update(cx, |view, cx| f(view, cx)).ok();
1580        }
1581    }
1582
1583    /// Register a callback that can interrupt the closing of the current window based the returned boolean.
1584    /// If the callback returns false, the window won't be closed.
1585    pub fn on_window_should_close(&mut self, f: impl Fn(&mut WindowContext) -> bool + 'static) {
1586        let mut this = self.to_async();
1587        self.window
1588            .platform_window
1589            .on_should_close(Box::new(move || {
1590                this.update(|cx| {
1591                    // Ensure that the window is removed from the app if it's been closed
1592                    // by always pre-empting the system close event.
1593                    if f(cx) {
1594                        cx.remove_window();
1595                    }
1596                    false
1597                })
1598                .unwrap_or(true)
1599            }))
1600    }
1601
1602    pub(crate) fn parent_view_id(&self) -> EntityId {
1603        *self
1604            .window
1605            .next_frame
1606            .view_stack
1607            .last()
1608            .expect("a view should always be on the stack while drawing")
1609    }
1610
1611    /// Register an action listener on the window for the next frame. The type of action
1612    /// is determined by the first parameter of the given listener. When the next frame is rendered
1613    /// the listener will be cleared.
1614    ///
1615    /// This is a fairly low-level method, so prefer using action handlers on elements unless you have
1616    /// a specific need to register a global listener.
1617    pub fn on_action(
1618        &mut self,
1619        action_type: TypeId,
1620        listener: impl Fn(&dyn Any, DispatchPhase, &mut WindowContext) + 'static,
1621    ) {
1622        self.window
1623            .next_frame
1624            .dispatch_tree
1625            .on_action(action_type, Rc::new(listener));
1626    }
1627}
1628
1629impl Context for WindowContext<'_> {
1630    type Result<T> = T;
1631
1632    fn new_model<T>(&mut self, build_model: impl FnOnce(&mut ModelContext<'_, T>) -> T) -> Model<T>
1633    where
1634        T: 'static,
1635    {
1636        let slot = self.app.entities.reserve();
1637        let model = build_model(&mut ModelContext::new(&mut *self.app, slot.downgrade()));
1638        self.entities.insert(slot, model)
1639    }
1640
1641    fn update_model<T: 'static, R>(
1642        &mut self,
1643        model: &Model<T>,
1644        update: impl FnOnce(&mut T, &mut ModelContext<'_, T>) -> R,
1645    ) -> R {
1646        let mut entity = self.entities.lease(model);
1647        let result = update(
1648            &mut *entity,
1649            &mut ModelContext::new(&mut *self.app, model.downgrade()),
1650        );
1651        self.entities.end_lease(entity);
1652        result
1653    }
1654
1655    fn update_window<T, F>(&mut self, window: AnyWindowHandle, update: F) -> Result<T>
1656    where
1657        F: FnOnce(AnyView, &mut WindowContext<'_>) -> T,
1658    {
1659        if window == self.window.handle {
1660            let root_view = self.window.root_view.clone().unwrap();
1661            Ok(update(root_view, self))
1662        } else {
1663            window.update(self.app, update)
1664        }
1665    }
1666
1667    fn read_model<T, R>(
1668        &self,
1669        handle: &Model<T>,
1670        read: impl FnOnce(&T, &AppContext) -> R,
1671    ) -> Self::Result<R>
1672    where
1673        T: 'static,
1674    {
1675        let entity = self.entities.read(handle);
1676        read(entity, &*self.app)
1677    }
1678
1679    fn read_window<T, R>(
1680        &self,
1681        window: &WindowHandle<T>,
1682        read: impl FnOnce(View<T>, &AppContext) -> R,
1683    ) -> Result<R>
1684    where
1685        T: 'static,
1686    {
1687        if window.any_handle == self.window.handle {
1688            let root_view = self
1689                .window
1690                .root_view
1691                .clone()
1692                .unwrap()
1693                .downcast::<T>()
1694                .map_err(|_| anyhow!("the type of the window's root view has changed"))?;
1695            Ok(read(root_view, self))
1696        } else {
1697            self.app.read_window(window, read)
1698        }
1699    }
1700}
1701
1702impl VisualContext for WindowContext<'_> {
1703    fn new_view<V>(
1704        &mut self,
1705        build_view_state: impl FnOnce(&mut ViewContext<'_, V>) -> V,
1706    ) -> Self::Result<View<V>>
1707    where
1708        V: 'static + Render,
1709    {
1710        let slot = self.app.entities.reserve();
1711        let view = View {
1712            model: slot.clone(),
1713        };
1714        let mut cx = ViewContext::new(&mut *self.app, &mut *self.window, &view);
1715        let entity = build_view_state(&mut cx);
1716        cx.entities.insert(slot, entity);
1717
1718        cx.new_view_observers
1719            .clone()
1720            .retain(&TypeId::of::<V>(), |observer| {
1721                let any_view = AnyView::from(view.clone());
1722                (observer)(any_view, self);
1723                true
1724            });
1725
1726        view
1727    }
1728
1729    /// Updates the given view. Prefer calling [`View::update`] instead, which calls this method.
1730    fn update_view<T: 'static, R>(
1731        &mut self,
1732        view: &View<T>,
1733        update: impl FnOnce(&mut T, &mut ViewContext<'_, T>) -> R,
1734    ) -> Self::Result<R> {
1735        let mut lease = self.app.entities.lease(&view.model);
1736        let mut cx = ViewContext::new(&mut *self.app, &mut *self.window, view);
1737        let result = update(&mut *lease, &mut cx);
1738        cx.app.entities.end_lease(lease);
1739        result
1740    }
1741
1742    fn replace_root_view<V>(
1743        &mut self,
1744        build_view: impl FnOnce(&mut ViewContext<'_, V>) -> V,
1745    ) -> Self::Result<View<V>>
1746    where
1747        V: 'static + Render,
1748    {
1749        let view = self.new_view(build_view);
1750        self.window.root_view = Some(view.clone().into());
1751        self.refresh();
1752        view
1753    }
1754
1755    fn focus_view<V: crate::FocusableView>(&mut self, view: &View<V>) -> Self::Result<()> {
1756        self.update_view(view, |view, cx| {
1757            view.focus_handle(cx).clone().focus(cx);
1758        })
1759    }
1760
1761    fn dismiss_view<V>(&mut self, view: &View<V>) -> Self::Result<()>
1762    where
1763        V: ManagedView,
1764    {
1765        self.update_view(view, |_, cx| cx.emit(DismissEvent))
1766    }
1767}
1768
1769impl<'a> std::ops::Deref for WindowContext<'a> {
1770    type Target = AppContext;
1771
1772    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
1773        self.app
1774    }
1775}
1776
1777impl<'a> std::ops::DerefMut for WindowContext<'a> {
1778    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
1779        self.app
1780    }
1781}
1782
1783impl<'a> Borrow<AppContext> for WindowContext<'a> {
1784    fn borrow(&self) -> &AppContext {
1785        self.app
1786    }
1787}
1788
1789impl<'a> BorrowMut<AppContext> for WindowContext<'a> {
1790    fn borrow_mut(&mut self) -> &mut AppContext {
1791        self.app
1792    }
1793}
1794
1795/// This trait contains functionality that is shared across [`ViewContext`] and [`WindowContext`]
1796pub trait BorrowWindow: BorrowMut<Window> + BorrowMut<AppContext> {
1797    #[doc(hidden)]
1798    fn app_mut(&mut self) -> &mut AppContext {
1799        self.borrow_mut()
1800    }
1801
1802    #[doc(hidden)]
1803    fn app(&self) -> &AppContext {
1804        self.borrow()
1805    }
1806
1807    #[doc(hidden)]
1808    fn window(&self) -> &Window {
1809        self.borrow()
1810    }
1811
1812    #[doc(hidden)]
1813    fn window_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Window {
1814        self.borrow_mut()
1815    }
1816}
1817
1818impl Borrow<Window> for WindowContext<'_> {
1819    fn borrow(&self) -> &Window {
1820        self.window
1821    }
1822}
1823
1824impl BorrowMut<Window> for WindowContext<'_> {
1825    fn borrow_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Window {
1826        self.window
1827    }
1828}
1829
1830impl<T> BorrowWindow for T where T: BorrowMut<AppContext> + BorrowMut<Window> {}
1831
1832/// Provides access to application state that is specialized for a particular [`View`].
1833/// Allows you to interact with focus, emit events, etc.
1834/// ViewContext also derefs to [`WindowContext`], giving you access to all of its methods as well.
1835/// When you call [`View::update`], you're passed a `&mut V` and an `&mut ViewContext<V>`.
1836pub struct ViewContext<'a, V> {
1837    window_cx: WindowContext<'a>,
1838    view: &'a View<V>,
1839}
1840
1841impl<V> Borrow<AppContext> for ViewContext<'_, V> {
1842    fn borrow(&self) -> &AppContext {
1843        &*self.window_cx.app
1844    }
1845}
1846
1847impl<V> BorrowMut<AppContext> for ViewContext<'_, V> {
1848    fn borrow_mut(&mut self) -> &mut AppContext {
1849        &mut *self.window_cx.app
1850    }
1851}
1852
1853impl<V> Borrow<Window> for ViewContext<'_, V> {
1854    fn borrow(&self) -> &Window {
1855        &*self.window_cx.window
1856    }
1857}
1858
1859impl<V> BorrowMut<Window> for ViewContext<'_, V> {
1860    fn borrow_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Window {
1861        &mut *self.window_cx.window
1862    }
1863}
1864
1865impl<'a, V: 'static> ViewContext<'a, V> {
1866    pub(crate) fn new(app: &'a mut AppContext, window: &'a mut Window, view: &'a View<V>) -> Self {
1867        Self {
1868            window_cx: WindowContext::new(app, window),
1869            view,
1870        }
1871    }
1872
1873    /// Get the entity_id of this view.
1874    pub fn entity_id(&self) -> EntityId {
1875        self.view.entity_id()
1876    }
1877
1878    /// Get the view pointer underlying this context.
1879    pub fn view(&self) -> &View<V> {
1880        self.view
1881    }
1882
1883    /// Get the model underlying this view.
1884    pub fn model(&self) -> &Model<V> {
1885        &self.view.model
1886    }
1887
1888    /// Access the underlying window context.
1889    pub fn window_context(&mut self) -> &mut WindowContext<'a> {
1890        &mut self.window_cx
1891    }
1892
1893    /// Sets a given callback to be run on the next frame.
1894    pub fn on_next_frame(&mut self, f: impl FnOnce(&mut V, &mut ViewContext<V>) + 'static)
1895    where
1896        V: 'static,
1897    {
1898        let view = self.view().clone();
1899        self.window_cx.on_next_frame(move |cx| view.update(cx, f));
1900    }
1901
1902    /// Schedules the given function to be run at the end of the current effect cycle, allowing entities
1903    /// that are currently on the stack to be returned to the app.
1904    pub fn defer(&mut self, f: impl FnOnce(&mut V, &mut ViewContext<V>) + 'static) {
1905        let view = self.view().downgrade();
1906        self.window_cx.defer(move |cx| {
1907            view.update(cx, f).ok();
1908        });
1909    }
1910
1911    /// Observe another model or view for changes to its state, as tracked by [`ModelContext::notify`].
1912    pub fn observe<V2, E>(
1913        &mut self,
1914        entity: &E,
1915        mut on_notify: impl FnMut(&mut V, E, &mut ViewContext<'_, V>) + 'static,
1916    ) -> Subscription
1917    where
1918        V2: 'static,
1919        V: 'static,
1920        E: Entity<V2>,
1921    {
1922        let view = self.view().downgrade();
1923        let entity_id = entity.entity_id();
1924        let entity = entity.downgrade();
1925        let window_handle = self.window.handle;
1926        let (subscription, activate) = self.app.observers.insert(
1927            entity_id,
1928            Box::new(move |cx| {
1929                window_handle
1930                    .update(cx, |_, cx| {
1931                        if let Some(handle) = E::upgrade_from(&entity) {
1932                            view.update(cx, |this, cx| on_notify(this, handle, cx))
1933                                .is_ok()
1934                        } else {
1935                            false
1936                        }
1937                    })
1938                    .unwrap_or(false)
1939            }),
1940        );
1941        self.app.defer(move |_| activate());
1942        subscription
1943    }
1944
1945    /// Subscribe to events emitted by another model or view.
1946    /// The entity to which you're subscribing must implement the [`EventEmitter`] trait.
1947    /// The callback will be invoked with a reference to the current view, a handle to the emitting entity (either a [`View`] or [`Model`]), the event, and a view context for the current view.
1948    pub fn subscribe<V2, E, Evt>(
1949        &mut self,
1950        entity: &E,
1951        mut on_event: impl FnMut(&mut V, E, &Evt, &mut ViewContext<'_, V>) + 'static,
1952    ) -> Subscription
1953    where
1954        V2: EventEmitter<Evt>,
1955        E: Entity<V2>,
1956        Evt: 'static,
1957    {
1958        let view = self.view().downgrade();
1959        let entity_id = entity.entity_id();
1960        let handle = entity.downgrade();
1961        let window_handle = self.window.handle;
1962        let (subscription, activate) = self.app.event_listeners.insert(
1963            entity_id,
1964            (
1965                TypeId::of::<Evt>(),
1966                Box::new(move |event, cx| {
1967                    window_handle
1968                        .update(cx, |_, cx| {
1969                            if let Some(handle) = E::upgrade_from(&handle) {
1970                                let event = event.downcast_ref().expect("invalid event type");
1971                                view.update(cx, |this, cx| on_event(this, handle, event, cx))
1972                                    .is_ok()
1973                            } else {
1974                                false
1975                            }
1976                        })
1977                        .unwrap_or(false)
1978                }),
1979            ),
1980        );
1981        self.app.defer(move |_| activate());
1982        subscription
1983    }
1984
1985    /// Register a callback to be invoked when the view is released.
1986    ///
1987    /// The callback receives a handle to the view's window. This handle may be
1988    /// invalid, if the window was closed before the view was released.
1989    pub fn on_release(
1990        &mut self,
1991        on_release: impl FnOnce(&mut V, AnyWindowHandle, &mut AppContext) + 'static,
1992    ) -> Subscription {
1993        let window_handle = self.window.handle;
1994        let (subscription, activate) = self.app.release_listeners.insert(
1995            self.view.model.entity_id,
1996            Box::new(move |this, cx| {
1997                let this = this.downcast_mut().expect("invalid entity type");
1998                on_release(this, window_handle, cx)
1999            }),
2000        );
2001        activate();
2002        subscription
2003    }
2004
2005    /// Register a callback to be invoked when the given Model or View is released.
2006    pub fn observe_release<V2, E>(
2007        &mut self,
2008        entity: &E,
2009        mut on_release: impl FnMut(&mut V, &mut V2, &mut ViewContext<'_, V>) + 'static,
2010    ) -> Subscription
2011    where
2012        V: 'static,
2013        V2: 'static,
2014        E: Entity<V2>,
2015    {
2016        let view = self.view().downgrade();
2017        let entity_id = entity.entity_id();
2018        let window_handle = self.window.handle;
2019        let (subscription, activate) = self.app.release_listeners.insert(
2020            entity_id,
2021            Box::new(move |entity, cx| {
2022                let entity = entity.downcast_mut().expect("invalid entity type");
2023                let _ = window_handle.update(cx, |_, cx| {
2024                    view.update(cx, |this, cx| on_release(this, entity, cx))
2025                });
2026            }),
2027        );
2028        activate();
2029        subscription
2030    }
2031
2032    /// Indicate that this view has changed, which will invoke any observers and also mark the window as dirty.
2033    /// If this view or any of its ancestors are *cached*, notifying it will cause it or its ancestors to be redrawn.
2034    pub fn notify(&mut self) {
2035        for view_id in self
2036            .window
2037            .rendered_frame
2038            .dispatch_tree
2039            .view_path(self.view.entity_id())
2040            .into_iter()
2041            .rev()
2042        {
2043            if !self.window.dirty_views.insert(view_id) {
2044                break;
2045            }
2046        }
2047
2048        if !self.window.drawing {
2049            self.window_cx.window.dirty.set(true);
2050            self.window_cx.app.push_effect(Effect::Notify {
2051                emitter: self.view.model.entity_id,
2052            });
2053        }
2054    }
2055
2056    /// Register a callback to be invoked when the window is resized.
2057    pub fn observe_window_bounds(
2058        &mut self,
2059        mut callback: impl FnMut(&mut V, &mut ViewContext<V>) + 'static,
2060    ) -> Subscription {
2061        let view = self.view.downgrade();
2062        let (subscription, activate) = self.window.bounds_observers.insert(
2063            (),
2064            Box::new(move |cx| view.update(cx, |view, cx| callback(view, cx)).is_ok()),
2065        );
2066        activate();
2067        subscription
2068    }
2069
2070    /// Register a callback to be invoked when the window is activated or deactivated.
2071    pub fn observe_window_activation(
2072        &mut self,
2073        mut callback: impl FnMut(&mut V, &mut ViewContext<V>) + 'static,
2074    ) -> Subscription {
2075        let view = self.view.downgrade();
2076        let (subscription, activate) = self.window.activation_observers.insert(
2077            (),
2078            Box::new(move |cx| view.update(cx, |view, cx| callback(view, cx)).is_ok()),
2079        );
2080        activate();
2081        subscription
2082    }
2083
2084    /// Register a listener to be called when the given focus handle receives focus.
2085    /// Returns a subscription and persists until the subscription is dropped.
2086    pub fn on_focus(
2087        &mut self,
2088        handle: &FocusHandle,
2089        mut listener: impl FnMut(&mut V, &mut ViewContext<V>) + 'static,
2090    ) -> Subscription {
2091        let view = self.view.downgrade();
2092        let focus_id = handle.id;
2093        let (subscription, activate) = self.window.focus_listeners.insert(
2094            (),
2095            Box::new(move |event, cx| {
2096                view.update(cx, |view, cx| {
2097                    if event.previous_focus_path.last() != Some(&focus_id)
2098                        && event.current_focus_path.last() == Some(&focus_id)
2099                    {
2100                        listener(view, cx)
2101                    }
2102                })
2103                .is_ok()
2104            }),
2105        );
2106        self.app.defer(move |_| activate());
2107        subscription
2108    }
2109
2110    /// Register a listener to be called when the given focus handle or one of its descendants receives focus.
2111    /// Returns a subscription and persists until the subscription is dropped.
2112    pub fn on_focus_in(
2113        &mut self,
2114        handle: &FocusHandle,
2115        mut listener: impl FnMut(&mut V, &mut ViewContext<V>) + 'static,
2116    ) -> Subscription {
2117        let view = self.view.downgrade();
2118        let focus_id = handle.id;
2119        let (subscription, activate) = self.window.focus_listeners.insert(
2120            (),
2121            Box::new(move |event, cx| {
2122                view.update(cx, |view, cx| {
2123                    if !event.previous_focus_path.contains(&focus_id)
2124                        && event.current_focus_path.contains(&focus_id)
2125                    {
2126                        listener(view, cx)
2127                    }
2128                })
2129                .is_ok()
2130            }),
2131        );
2132        self.app.defer(move |_| activate());
2133        subscription
2134    }
2135
2136    /// Register a listener to be called when the given focus handle loses focus.
2137    /// Returns a subscription and persists until the subscription is dropped.
2138    pub fn on_blur(
2139        &mut self,
2140        handle: &FocusHandle,
2141        mut listener: impl FnMut(&mut V, &mut ViewContext<V>) + 'static,
2142    ) -> Subscription {
2143        let view = self.view.downgrade();
2144        let focus_id = handle.id;
2145        let (subscription, activate) = self.window.focus_listeners.insert(
2146            (),
2147            Box::new(move |event, cx| {
2148                view.update(cx, |view, cx| {
2149                    if event.previous_focus_path.last() == Some(&focus_id)
2150                        && event.current_focus_path.last() != Some(&focus_id)
2151                    {
2152                        listener(view, cx)
2153                    }
2154                })
2155                .is_ok()
2156            }),
2157        );
2158        self.app.defer(move |_| activate());
2159        subscription
2160    }
2161
2162    /// Register a listener to be called when nothing in the window has focus.
2163    /// This typically happens when the node that was focused is removed from the tree,
2164    /// and this callback lets you chose a default place to restore the users focus.
2165    /// Returns a subscription and persists until the subscription is dropped.
2166    pub fn on_focus_lost(
2167        &mut self,
2168        mut listener: impl FnMut(&mut V, &mut ViewContext<V>) + 'static,
2169    ) -> Subscription {
2170        let view = self.view.downgrade();
2171        let (subscription, activate) = self.window.focus_lost_listeners.insert(
2172            (),
2173            Box::new(move |cx| view.update(cx, |view, cx| listener(view, cx)).is_ok()),
2174        );
2175        activate();
2176        subscription
2177    }
2178
2179    /// Register a listener to be called when the given focus handle or one of its descendants loses focus.
2180    /// Returns a subscription and persists until the subscription is dropped.
2181    pub fn on_focus_out(
2182        &mut self,
2183        handle: &FocusHandle,
2184        mut listener: impl FnMut(&mut V, &mut ViewContext<V>) + 'static,
2185    ) -> Subscription {
2186        let view = self.view.downgrade();
2187        let focus_id = handle.id;
2188        let (subscription, activate) = self.window.focus_listeners.insert(
2189            (),
2190            Box::new(move |event, cx| {
2191                view.update(cx, |view, cx| {
2192                    if event.previous_focus_path.contains(&focus_id)
2193                        && !event.current_focus_path.contains(&focus_id)
2194                    {
2195                        listener(view, cx)
2196                    }
2197                })
2198                .is_ok()
2199            }),
2200        );
2201        self.app.defer(move |_| activate());
2202        subscription
2203    }
2204
2205    /// Schedule a future to be run asynchronously.
2206    /// The given callback is invoked with a [`WeakView<V>`] to avoid leaking the view for a long-running process.
2207    /// It's also given an [`AsyncWindowContext`], which can be used to access the state of the view across await points.
2208    /// The returned future will be polled on the main thread.
2209    pub fn spawn<Fut, R>(
2210        &mut self,
2211        f: impl FnOnce(WeakView<V>, AsyncWindowContext) -> Fut,
2212    ) -> Task<R>
2213    where
2214        R: 'static,
2215        Fut: Future<Output = R> + 'static,
2216    {
2217        let view = self.view().downgrade();
2218        self.window_cx.spawn(|cx| f(view, cx))
2219    }
2220
2221    /// Updates the global state of the given type.
2222    pub fn update_global<G, R>(&mut self, f: impl FnOnce(&mut G, &mut Self) -> R) -> R
2223    where
2224        G: Global,
2225    {
2226        let mut global = self.app.lease_global::<G>();
2227        let result = f(&mut global, self);
2228        self.app.end_global_lease(global);
2229        result
2230    }
2231
2232    /// Register a callback to be invoked when the given global state changes.
2233    pub fn observe_global<G: Global>(
2234        &mut self,
2235        mut f: impl FnMut(&mut V, &mut ViewContext<'_, V>) + 'static,
2236    ) -> Subscription {
2237        let window_handle = self.window.handle;
2238        let view = self.view().downgrade();
2239        let (subscription, activate) = self.global_observers.insert(
2240            TypeId::of::<G>(),
2241            Box::new(move |cx| {
2242                window_handle
2243                    .update(cx, |_, cx| view.update(cx, |view, cx| f(view, cx)).is_ok())
2244                    .unwrap_or(false)
2245            }),
2246        );
2247        self.app.defer(move |_| activate());
2248        subscription
2249    }
2250
2251    /// Register a callback to be invoked when the given Action type is dispatched to the window.
2252    pub fn on_action(
2253        &mut self,
2254        action_type: TypeId,
2255        listener: impl Fn(&mut V, &dyn Any, DispatchPhase, &mut ViewContext<V>) + 'static,
2256    ) {
2257        let handle = self.view().clone();
2258        self.window_cx
2259            .on_action(action_type, move |action, phase, cx| {
2260                handle.update(cx, |view, cx| {
2261                    listener(view, action, phase, cx);
2262                })
2263            });
2264    }
2265
2266    /// Emit an event to be handled any other views that have subscribed via [ViewContext::subscribe].
2267    pub fn emit<Evt>(&mut self, event: Evt)
2268    where
2269        Evt: 'static,
2270        V: EventEmitter<Evt>,
2271    {
2272        let emitter = self.view.model.entity_id;
2273        self.app.push_effect(Effect::Emit {
2274            emitter,
2275            event_type: TypeId::of::<Evt>(),
2276            event: Box::new(event),
2277        });
2278    }
2279
2280    /// Move focus to the current view, assuming it implements [`FocusableView`].
2281    pub fn focus_self(&mut self)
2282    where
2283        V: FocusableView,
2284    {
2285        self.defer(|view, cx| view.focus_handle(cx).focus(cx))
2286    }
2287
2288    /// Convenience method for accessing view state in an event callback.
2289    ///
2290    /// Many GPUI callbacks take the form of `Fn(&E, &mut WindowContext)`,
2291    /// but it's often useful to be able to access view state in these
2292    /// callbacks. This method provides a convenient way to do so.
2293    pub fn listener<E>(
2294        &self,
2295        f: impl Fn(&mut V, &E, &mut ViewContext<V>) + 'static,
2296    ) -> impl Fn(&E, &mut WindowContext) + 'static {
2297        let view = self.view().downgrade();
2298        move |e: &E, cx: &mut WindowContext| {
2299            view.update(cx, |view, cx| f(view, e, cx)).ok();
2300        }
2301    }
2302}
2303
2304impl<V> Context for ViewContext<'_, V> {
2305    type Result<U> = U;
2306
2307    fn new_model<T: 'static>(
2308        &mut self,
2309        build_model: impl FnOnce(&mut ModelContext<'_, T>) -> T,
2310    ) -> Model<T> {
2311        self.window_cx.new_model(build_model)
2312    }
2313
2314    fn update_model<T: 'static, R>(
2315        &mut self,
2316        model: &Model<T>,
2317        update: impl FnOnce(&mut T, &mut ModelContext<'_, T>) -> R,
2318    ) -> R {
2319        self.window_cx.update_model(model, update)
2320    }
2321
2322    fn update_window<T, F>(&mut self, window: AnyWindowHandle, update: F) -> Result<T>
2323    where
2324        F: FnOnce(AnyView, &mut WindowContext<'_>) -> T,
2325    {
2326        self.window_cx.update_window(window, update)
2327    }
2328
2329    fn read_model<T, R>(
2330        &self,
2331        handle: &Model<T>,
2332        read: impl FnOnce(&T, &AppContext) -> R,
2333    ) -> Self::Result<R>
2334    where
2335        T: 'static,
2336    {
2337        self.window_cx.read_model(handle, read)
2338    }
2339
2340    fn read_window<T, R>(
2341        &self,
2342        window: &WindowHandle<T>,
2343        read: impl FnOnce(View<T>, &AppContext) -> R,
2344    ) -> Result<R>
2345    where
2346        T: 'static,
2347    {
2348        self.window_cx.read_window(window, read)
2349    }
2350}
2351
2352impl<V: 'static> VisualContext for ViewContext<'_, V> {
2353    fn new_view<W: Render + 'static>(
2354        &mut self,
2355        build_view_state: impl FnOnce(&mut ViewContext<'_, W>) -> W,
2356    ) -> Self::Result<View<W>> {
2357        self.window_cx.new_view(build_view_state)
2358    }
2359
2360    fn update_view<V2: 'static, R>(
2361        &mut self,
2362        view: &View<V2>,
2363        update: impl FnOnce(&mut V2, &mut ViewContext<'_, V2>) -> R,
2364    ) -> Self::Result<R> {
2365        self.window_cx.update_view(view, update)
2366    }
2367
2368    fn replace_root_view<W>(
2369        &mut self,
2370        build_view: impl FnOnce(&mut ViewContext<'_, W>) -> W,
2371    ) -> Self::Result<View<W>>
2372    where
2373        W: 'static + Render,
2374    {
2375        self.window_cx.replace_root_view(build_view)
2376    }
2377
2378    fn focus_view<W: FocusableView>(&mut self, view: &View<W>) -> Self::Result<()> {
2379        self.window_cx.focus_view(view)
2380    }
2381
2382    fn dismiss_view<W: ManagedView>(&mut self, view: &View<W>) -> Self::Result<()> {
2383        self.window_cx.dismiss_view(view)
2384    }
2385}
2386
2387impl<'a, V> std::ops::Deref for ViewContext<'a, V> {
2388    type Target = WindowContext<'a>;
2389
2390    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
2391        &self.window_cx
2392    }
2393}
2394
2395impl<'a, V> std::ops::DerefMut for ViewContext<'a, V> {
2396    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
2397        &mut self.window_cx
2398    }
2399}
2400
2401// #[derive(Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
2402slotmap::new_key_type! {
2403    /// A unique identifier for a window.
2404    pub struct WindowId;
2405}
2406
2407impl WindowId {
2408    /// Converts this window ID to a `u64`.
2409    pub fn as_u64(&self) -> u64 {
2410        self.0.as_ffi()
2411    }
2412}
2413
2414/// A handle to a window with a specific root view type.
2415/// Note that this does not keep the window alive on its own.
2416#[derive(Deref, DerefMut)]
2417pub struct WindowHandle<V> {
2418    #[deref]
2419    #[deref_mut]
2420    pub(crate) any_handle: AnyWindowHandle,
2421    state_type: PhantomData<V>,
2422}
2423
2424impl<V: 'static + Render> WindowHandle<V> {
2425    /// Creates a new handle from a window ID.
2426    /// This does not check if the root type of the window is `V`.
2427    pub fn new(id: WindowId) -> Self {
2428        WindowHandle {
2429            any_handle: AnyWindowHandle {
2430                id,
2431                state_type: TypeId::of::<V>(),
2432            },
2433            state_type: PhantomData,
2434        }
2435    }
2436
2437    /// Get the root view out of this window.
2438    ///
2439    /// This will fail if the window is closed or if the root view's type does not match `V`.
2440    pub fn root<C>(&self, cx: &mut C) -> Result<View<V>>
2441    where
2442        C: Context,
2443    {
2444        Flatten::flatten(cx.update_window(self.any_handle, |root_view, _| {
2445            root_view
2446                .downcast::<V>()
2447                .map_err(|_| anyhow!("the type of the window's root view has changed"))
2448        }))
2449    }
2450
2451    /// Updates the root view of this window.
2452    ///
2453    /// This will fail if the window has been closed or if the root view's type does not match
2454    pub fn update<C, R>(
2455        &self,
2456        cx: &mut C,
2457        update: impl FnOnce(&mut V, &mut ViewContext<'_, V>) -> R,
2458    ) -> Result<R>
2459    where
2460        C: Context,
2461    {
2462        cx.update_window(self.any_handle, |root_view, cx| {
2463            let view = root_view
2464                .downcast::<V>()
2465                .map_err(|_| anyhow!("the type of the window's root view has changed"))?;
2466            Ok(cx.update_view(&view, update))
2467        })?
2468    }
2469
2470    /// Read the root view out of this window.
2471    ///
2472    /// This will fail if the window is closed or if the root view's type does not match `V`.
2473    pub fn read<'a>(&self, cx: &'a AppContext) -> Result<&'a V> {
2474        let x = cx
2475            .windows
2476            .get(self.id)
2477            .and_then(|window| {
2478                window
2479                    .as_ref()
2480                    .and_then(|window| window.root_view.clone())
2481                    .map(|root_view| root_view.downcast::<V>())
2482            })
2483            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("window not found"))?
2484            .map_err(|_| anyhow!("the type of the window's root view has changed"))?;
2485
2486        Ok(x.read(cx))
2487    }
2488
2489    /// Read the root view out of this window, with a callback
2490    ///
2491    /// This will fail if the window is closed or if the root view's type does not match `V`.
2492    pub fn read_with<C, R>(&self, cx: &C, read_with: impl FnOnce(&V, &AppContext) -> R) -> Result<R>
2493    where
2494        C: Context,
2495    {
2496        cx.read_window(self, |root_view, cx| read_with(root_view.read(cx), cx))
2497    }
2498
2499    /// Read the root view pointer off of this window.
2500    ///
2501    /// This will fail if the window is closed or if the root view's type does not match `V`.
2502    pub fn root_view<C>(&self, cx: &C) -> Result<View<V>>
2503    where
2504        C: Context,
2505    {
2506        cx.read_window(self, |root_view, _cx| root_view.clone())
2507    }
2508
2509    /// Check if this window is 'active'.
2510    ///
2511    /// Will return `None` if the window is closed.
2512    pub fn is_active(&self, cx: &AppContext) -> Option<bool> {
2513        cx.windows
2514            .get(self.id)
2515            .and_then(|window| window.as_ref().map(|window| window.active))
2516    }
2517}
2518
2519impl<V> Copy for WindowHandle<V> {}
2520
2521impl<V> Clone for WindowHandle<V> {
2522    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
2523        *self
2524    }
2525}
2526
2527impl<V> PartialEq for WindowHandle<V> {
2528    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
2529        self.any_handle == other.any_handle
2530    }
2531}
2532
2533impl<V> Eq for WindowHandle<V> {}
2534
2535impl<V> Hash for WindowHandle<V> {
2536    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
2537        self.any_handle.hash(state);
2538    }
2539}
2540
2541impl<V: 'static> From<WindowHandle<V>> for AnyWindowHandle {
2542    fn from(val: WindowHandle<V>) -> Self {
2543        val.any_handle
2544    }
2545}
2546
2547/// A handle to a window with any root view type, which can be downcast to a window with a specific root view type.
2548#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
2549pub struct AnyWindowHandle {
2550    pub(crate) id: WindowId,
2551    state_type: TypeId,
2552}
2553
2554impl AnyWindowHandle {
2555    /// Get the ID of this window.
2556    pub fn window_id(&self) -> WindowId {
2557        self.id
2558    }
2559
2560    /// Attempt to convert this handle to a window handle with a specific root view type.
2561    /// If the types do not match, this will return `None`.
2562    pub fn downcast<T: 'static>(&self) -> Option<WindowHandle<T>> {
2563        if TypeId::of::<T>() == self.state_type {
2564            Some(WindowHandle {
2565                any_handle: *self,
2566                state_type: PhantomData,
2567            })
2568        } else {
2569            None
2570        }
2571    }
2572
2573    /// Updates the state of the root view of this window.
2574    ///
2575    /// This will fail if the window has been closed.
2576    pub fn update<C, R>(
2577        self,
2578        cx: &mut C,
2579        update: impl FnOnce(AnyView, &mut WindowContext<'_>) -> R,
2580    ) -> Result<R>
2581    where
2582        C: Context,
2583    {
2584        cx.update_window(self, update)
2585    }
2586
2587    /// Read the state of the root view of this window.
2588    ///
2589    /// This will fail if the window has been closed.
2590    pub fn read<T, C, R>(self, cx: &C, read: impl FnOnce(View<T>, &AppContext) -> R) -> Result<R>
2591    where
2592        C: Context,
2593        T: 'static,
2594    {
2595        let view = self
2596            .downcast::<T>()
2597            .context("the type of the window's root view has changed")?;
2598
2599        cx.read_window(&view, read)
2600    }
2601}
2602
2603/// An identifier for an [`Element`](crate::Element).
2604///
2605/// Can be constructed with a string, a number, or both, as well
2606/// as other internal representations.
2607#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
2608pub enum ElementId {
2609    /// The ID of a View element
2610    View(EntityId),
2611    /// An integer ID.
2612    Integer(usize),
2613    /// A string based ID.
2614    Name(SharedString),
2615    /// An ID that's equated with a focus handle.
2616    FocusHandle(FocusId),
2617    /// A combination of a name and an integer.
2618    NamedInteger(SharedString, usize),
2619}
2620
2621impl Display for ElementId {
2622    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
2623        match self {
2624            ElementId::View(entity_id) => write!(f, "view-{}", entity_id)?,
2625            ElementId::Integer(ix) => write!(f, "{}", ix)?,
2626            ElementId::Name(name) => write!(f, "{}", name)?,
2627            ElementId::FocusHandle(_) => write!(f, "FocusHandle")?,
2628            ElementId::NamedInteger(s, i) => write!(f, "{}-{}", s, i)?,
2629        }
2630
2631        Ok(())
2632    }
2633}
2634
2635impl ElementId {
2636    pub(crate) fn from_entity_id(entity_id: EntityId) -> Self {
2637        ElementId::View(entity_id)
2638    }
2639}
2640
2641impl TryInto<SharedString> for ElementId {
2642    type Error = anyhow::Error;
2643
2644    fn try_into(self) -> anyhow::Result<SharedString> {
2645        if let ElementId::Name(name) = self {
2646            Ok(name)
2647        } else {
2648            Err(anyhow!("element id is not string"))
2649        }
2650    }
2651}
2652
2653impl From<usize> for ElementId {
2654    fn from(id: usize) -> Self {
2655        ElementId::Integer(id)
2656    }
2657}
2658
2659impl From<i32> for ElementId {
2660    fn from(id: i32) -> Self {
2661        Self::Integer(id as usize)
2662    }
2663}
2664
2665impl From<SharedString> for ElementId {
2666    fn from(name: SharedString) -> Self {
2667        ElementId::Name(name)
2668    }
2669}
2670
2671impl From<&'static str> for ElementId {
2672    fn from(name: &'static str) -> Self {
2673        ElementId::Name(name.into())
2674    }
2675}
2676
2677impl<'a> From<&'a FocusHandle> for ElementId {
2678    fn from(handle: &'a FocusHandle) -> Self {
2679        ElementId::FocusHandle(handle.id)
2680    }
2681}
2682
2683impl From<(&'static str, EntityId)> for ElementId {
2684    fn from((name, id): (&'static str, EntityId)) -> Self {
2685        ElementId::NamedInteger(name.into(), id.as_u64() as usize)
2686    }
2687}
2688
2689impl From<(&'static str, usize)> for ElementId {
2690    fn from((name, id): (&'static str, usize)) -> Self {
2691        ElementId::NamedInteger(name.into(), id)
2692    }
2693}
2694
2695impl From<(&'static str, u64)> for ElementId {
2696    fn from((name, id): (&'static str, u64)) -> Self {
2697        ElementId::NamedInteger(name.into(), id as usize)
2698    }
2699}
2700
2701/// A rectangle to be rendered in the window at the given position and size.
2702/// Passed as an argument [`ElementContext::paint_quad`].
2703#[derive(Clone)]
2704pub struct PaintQuad {
2705    bounds: Bounds<Pixels>,
2706    corner_radii: Corners<Pixels>,
2707    background: Hsla,
2708    border_widths: Edges<Pixels>,
2709    border_color: Hsla,
2710}
2711
2712impl PaintQuad {
2713    /// Sets the corner radii of the quad.
2714    pub fn corner_radii(self, corner_radii: impl Into<Corners<Pixels>>) -> Self {
2715        PaintQuad {
2716            corner_radii: corner_radii.into(),
2717            ..self
2718        }
2719    }
2720
2721    /// Sets the border widths of the quad.
2722    pub fn border_widths(self, border_widths: impl Into<Edges<Pixels>>) -> Self {
2723        PaintQuad {
2724            border_widths: border_widths.into(),
2725            ..self
2726        }
2727    }
2728
2729    /// Sets the border color of the quad.
2730    pub fn border_color(self, border_color: impl Into<Hsla>) -> Self {
2731        PaintQuad {
2732            border_color: border_color.into(),
2733            ..self
2734        }
2735    }
2736
2737    /// Sets the background color of the quad.
2738    pub fn background(self, background: impl Into<Hsla>) -> Self {
2739        PaintQuad {
2740            background: background.into(),
2741            ..self
2742        }
2743    }
2744}
2745
2746/// Creates a quad with the given parameters.
2747pub fn quad(
2748    bounds: Bounds<Pixels>,
2749    corner_radii: impl Into<Corners<Pixels>>,
2750    background: impl Into<Hsla>,
2751    border_widths: impl Into<Edges<Pixels>>,
2752    border_color: impl Into<Hsla>,
2753) -> PaintQuad {
2754    PaintQuad {
2755        bounds,
2756        corner_radii: corner_radii.into(),
2757        background: background.into(),
2758        border_widths: border_widths.into(),
2759        border_color: border_color.into(),
2760    }
2761}
2762
2763/// Creates a filled quad with the given bounds and background color.
2764pub fn fill(bounds: impl Into<Bounds<Pixels>>, background: impl Into<Hsla>) -> PaintQuad {
2765    PaintQuad {
2766        bounds: bounds.into(),
2767        corner_radii: (0.).into(),
2768        background: background.into(),
2769        border_widths: (0.).into(),
2770        border_color: transparent_black(),
2771    }
2772}
2773
2774/// Creates a rectangle outline with the given bounds, border color, and a 1px border width
2775pub fn outline(bounds: impl Into<Bounds<Pixels>>, border_color: impl Into<Hsla>) -> PaintQuad {
2776    PaintQuad {
2777        bounds: bounds.into(),
2778        corner_radii: (0.).into(),
2779        background: transparent_black(),
2780        border_widths: (1.).into(),
2781        border_color: border_color.into(),
2782    }
2783}