window.rs

   1use crate::{
   2    px, size, transparent_black, Action, AnyDrag, AnyView, AppContext, Arena, AsyncWindowContext,
   3    AvailableSpace, Bounds, Context, Corners, CursorStyle, DispatchActionListener, DispatchNodeId,
   4    DispatchTree, DisplayId, Edges, Effect, Entity, EntityId, EventEmitter, FileDropEvent, Flatten,
   5    Global, GlobalElementId, Hsla, KeyBinding, KeyContext, KeyDownEvent, KeyMatch, KeymatchResult,
   6    Keystroke, KeystrokeEvent, Model, ModelContext, Modifiers, MouseButton, MouseMoveEvent,
   7    MouseUpEvent, Pixels, PlatformAtlas, PlatformDisplay, PlatformInput, PlatformWindow, Point,
   8    PromptLevel, Render, ScaledPixels, SharedString, Size, SubscriberSet, Subscription,
   9    TaffyLayoutEngine, Task, View, VisualContext, WeakView, WindowBounds, WindowOptions,
  10    WindowTextSystem,
  11};
  12use anyhow::{anyhow, Context as _, Result};
  13use collections::FxHashSet;
  14use derive_more::{Deref, DerefMut};
  15use futures::{
  16    channel::{mpsc, oneshot},
  17    StreamExt,
  18};
  19use parking_lot::RwLock;
  20use slotmap::SlotMap;
  21use smallvec::SmallVec;
  22use std::{
  23    any::{Any, TypeId},
  24    borrow::{Borrow, BorrowMut},
  25    cell::{Cell, RefCell},
  26    collections::hash_map::Entry,
  27    fmt::{Debug, Display},
  28    future::Future,
  29    hash::{Hash, Hasher},
  30    marker::PhantomData,
  31    mem,
  32    rc::Rc,
  33    sync::{
  34        atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering::SeqCst},
  35        Arc,
  36    },
  37    time::{Duration, Instant},
  38};
  39use util::{measure, ResultExt};
  40
  41mod element_cx;
  42pub use element_cx::*;
  43
  44const ACTIVE_DRAG_Z_INDEX: u16 = 1;
  45
  46/// A global stacking order, which is created by stacking successive z-index values.
  47/// Each z-index will always be interpreted in the context of its parent z-index.
  48#[derive(Debug, Deref, DerefMut, Clone, Ord, PartialOrd, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
  49pub struct StackingOrder(SmallVec<[StackingContext; 64]>);
  50
  51/// A single entry in a primitive's z-index stacking order
  52#[derive(Clone, Ord, PartialOrd, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
  53pub struct StackingContext {
  54    pub(crate) z_index: u16,
  55    pub(crate) id: u16,
  56}
  57
  58impl std::fmt::Debug for StackingContext {
  59    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
  60        write!(f, "{{{}.{}}} ", self.z_index, self.id)
  61    }
  62}
  63
  64/// Represents the two different phases when dispatching events.
  65#[derive(Default, Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
  66pub enum DispatchPhase {
  67    /// After the capture phase comes the bubble phase, in which mouse event listeners are
  68    /// invoked front to back and keyboard event listeners are invoked from the focused element
  69    /// to the root of the element tree. This is the phase you'll most commonly want to use when
  70    /// registering event listeners.
  71    #[default]
  72    Bubble,
  73    /// During the initial capture phase, mouse event listeners are invoked back to front, and keyboard
  74    /// listeners are invoked from the root of the tree downward toward the focused element. This phase
  75    /// is used for special purposes such as clearing the "pressed" state for click events. If
  76    /// you stop event propagation during this phase, you need to know what you're doing. Handlers
  77    /// outside of the immediate region may rely on detecting non-local events during this phase.
  78    Capture,
  79}
  80
  81impl DispatchPhase {
  82    /// Returns true if this represents the "bubble" phase.
  83    pub fn bubble(self) -> bool {
  84        self == DispatchPhase::Bubble
  85    }
  86
  87    /// Returns true if this represents the "capture" phase.
  88    pub fn capture(self) -> bool {
  89        self == DispatchPhase::Capture
  90    }
  91}
  92
  93type AnyObserver = Box<dyn FnMut(&mut WindowContext) -> bool + 'static>;
  94
  95type AnyWindowFocusListener = Box<dyn FnMut(&FocusEvent, &mut WindowContext) -> bool + 'static>;
  96
  97struct FocusEvent {
  98    previous_focus_path: SmallVec<[FocusId; 8]>,
  99    current_focus_path: SmallVec<[FocusId; 8]>,
 100}
 101
 102slotmap::new_key_type! {
 103    /// A globally unique identifier for a focusable element.
 104    pub struct FocusId;
 105}
 106
 107thread_local! {
 108    pub(crate) static ELEMENT_ARENA: RefCell<Arena> = RefCell::new(Arena::new(8 * 1024 * 1024));
 109}
 110
 111impl FocusId {
 112    /// Obtains whether the element associated with this handle is currently focused.
 113    pub fn is_focused(&self, cx: &WindowContext) -> bool {
 114        cx.window.focus == Some(*self)
 115    }
 116
 117    /// Obtains whether the element associated with this handle contains the focused
 118    /// element or is itself focused.
 119    pub fn contains_focused(&self, cx: &WindowContext) -> bool {
 120        cx.focused()
 121            .map_or(false, |focused| self.contains(focused.id, cx))
 122    }
 123
 124    /// Obtains whether the element associated with this handle is contained within the
 125    /// focused element or is itself focused.
 126    pub fn within_focused(&self, cx: &WindowContext) -> bool {
 127        let focused = cx.focused();
 128        focused.map_or(false, |focused| focused.id.contains(*self, cx))
 129    }
 130
 131    /// Obtains whether this handle contains the given handle in the most recently rendered frame.
 132    pub(crate) fn contains(&self, other: Self, cx: &WindowContext) -> bool {
 133        cx.window
 134            .rendered_frame
 135            .dispatch_tree
 136            .focus_contains(*self, other)
 137    }
 138}
 139
 140/// A handle which can be used to track and manipulate the focused element in a window.
 141pub struct FocusHandle {
 142    pub(crate) id: FocusId,
 143    handles: Arc<RwLock<SlotMap<FocusId, AtomicUsize>>>,
 144}
 145
 146impl std::fmt::Debug for FocusHandle {
 147    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
 148        f.write_fmt(format_args!("FocusHandle({:?})", self.id))
 149    }
 150}
 151
 152impl FocusHandle {
 153    pub(crate) fn new(handles: &Arc<RwLock<SlotMap<FocusId, AtomicUsize>>>) -> Self {
 154        let id = handles.write().insert(AtomicUsize::new(1));
 155        Self {
 156            id,
 157            handles: handles.clone(),
 158        }
 159    }
 160
 161    pub(crate) fn for_id(
 162        id: FocusId,
 163        handles: &Arc<RwLock<SlotMap<FocusId, AtomicUsize>>>,
 164    ) -> Option<Self> {
 165        let lock = handles.read();
 166        let ref_count = lock.get(id)?;
 167        if ref_count.load(SeqCst) == 0 {
 168            None
 169        } else {
 170            ref_count.fetch_add(1, SeqCst);
 171            Some(Self {
 172                id,
 173                handles: handles.clone(),
 174            })
 175        }
 176    }
 177
 178    /// Moves the focus to the element associated with this handle.
 179    pub fn focus(&self, cx: &mut WindowContext) {
 180        cx.focus(self)
 181    }
 182
 183    /// Obtains whether the element associated with this handle is currently focused.
 184    pub fn is_focused(&self, cx: &WindowContext) -> bool {
 185        self.id.is_focused(cx)
 186    }
 187
 188    /// Obtains whether the element associated with this handle contains the focused
 189    /// element or is itself focused.
 190    pub fn contains_focused(&self, cx: &WindowContext) -> bool {
 191        self.id.contains_focused(cx)
 192    }
 193
 194    /// Obtains whether the element associated with this handle is contained within the
 195    /// focused element or is itself focused.
 196    pub fn within_focused(&self, cx: &WindowContext) -> bool {
 197        self.id.within_focused(cx)
 198    }
 199
 200    /// Obtains whether this handle contains the given handle in the most recently rendered frame.
 201    pub fn contains(&self, other: &Self, cx: &WindowContext) -> bool {
 202        self.id.contains(other.id, cx)
 203    }
 204}
 205
 206impl Clone for FocusHandle {
 207    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
 208        Self::for_id(self.id, &self.handles).unwrap()
 209    }
 210}
 211
 212impl PartialEq for FocusHandle {
 213    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
 214        self.id == other.id
 215    }
 216}
 217
 218impl Eq for FocusHandle {}
 219
 220impl Drop for FocusHandle {
 221    fn drop(&mut self) {
 222        self.handles
 223            .read()
 224            .get(self.id)
 225            .unwrap()
 226            .fetch_sub(1, SeqCst);
 227    }
 228}
 229
 230/// FocusableView allows users of your view to easily
 231/// focus it (using cx.focus_view(view))
 232pub trait FocusableView: 'static + Render {
 233    /// Returns the focus handle associated with this view.
 234    fn focus_handle(&self, cx: &AppContext) -> FocusHandle;
 235}
 236
 237/// ManagedView is a view (like a Modal, Popover, Menu, etc.)
 238/// where the lifecycle of the view is handled by another view.
 239pub trait ManagedView: FocusableView + EventEmitter<DismissEvent> {}
 240
 241impl<M: FocusableView + EventEmitter<DismissEvent>> ManagedView for M {}
 242
 243/// Emitted by implementers of [`ManagedView`] to indicate the view should be dismissed, such as when a view is presented as a modal.
 244pub struct DismissEvent;
 245
 246// Holds the state for a specific window.
 247#[doc(hidden)]
 248pub struct Window {
 249    pub(crate) handle: AnyWindowHandle,
 250    pub(crate) removed: bool,
 251    pub(crate) platform_window: Box<dyn PlatformWindow>,
 252    display_id: DisplayId,
 253    sprite_atlas: Arc<dyn PlatformAtlas>,
 254    text_system: Arc<WindowTextSystem>,
 255    pub(crate) rem_size: Pixels,
 256    pub(crate) viewport_size: Size<Pixels>,
 257    layout_engine: Option<TaffyLayoutEngine>,
 258    pub(crate) root_view: Option<AnyView>,
 259    pub(crate) element_id_stack: GlobalElementId,
 260    pub(crate) rendered_frame: Frame,
 261    pub(crate) next_frame: Frame,
 262    pub(crate) dirty_views: FxHashSet<EntityId>,
 263    pub(crate) focus_handles: Arc<RwLock<SlotMap<FocusId, AtomicUsize>>>,
 264    focus_listeners: SubscriberSet<(), AnyWindowFocusListener>,
 265    focus_lost_listeners: SubscriberSet<(), AnyObserver>,
 266    default_prevented: bool,
 267    mouse_position: Point<Pixels>,
 268    modifiers: Modifiers,
 269    scale_factor: f32,
 270    bounds: WindowBounds,
 271    bounds_observers: SubscriberSet<(), AnyObserver>,
 272    active: Rc<Cell<bool>>,
 273    pub(crate) dirty: Rc<Cell<bool>>,
 274    pub(crate) last_input_timestamp: Rc<Cell<Instant>>,
 275    pub(crate) refreshing: bool,
 276    pub(crate) drawing: bool,
 277    activation_observers: SubscriberSet<(), AnyObserver>,
 278    pub(crate) focus: Option<FocusId>,
 279    focus_enabled: bool,
 280    pending_input: Option<PendingInput>,
 281}
 282
 283#[derive(Default, Debug)]
 284struct PendingInput {
 285    keystrokes: SmallVec<[Keystroke; 1]>,
 286    bindings: SmallVec<[KeyBinding; 1]>,
 287    focus: Option<FocusId>,
 288    timer: Option<Task<()>>,
 289}
 290
 291impl PendingInput {
 292    fn input(&self) -> String {
 293        self.keystrokes
 294            .iter()
 295            .flat_map(|k| k.ime_key.clone())
 296            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
 297            .join("")
 298    }
 299
 300    fn used_by_binding(&self, binding: &KeyBinding) -> bool {
 301        if self.keystrokes.is_empty() {
 302            return true;
 303        }
 304        let keystroke = &self.keystrokes[0];
 305        for candidate in keystroke.match_candidates() {
 306            if binding.match_keystrokes(&[candidate]) == KeyMatch::Pending {
 307                return true;
 308            }
 309        }
 310        false
 311    }
 312}
 313
 314pub(crate) struct ElementStateBox {
 315    pub(crate) inner: Box<dyn Any>,
 316    pub(crate) parent_view_id: EntityId,
 317    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 318    pub(crate) type_name: &'static str,
 319}
 320
 321impl Window {
 322    pub(crate) fn new(
 323        handle: AnyWindowHandle,
 324        options: WindowOptions,
 325        cx: &mut AppContext,
 326    ) -> Self {
 327        let platform_window = cx.platform.open_window(handle, options);
 328        let display_id = platform_window.display().id();
 329        let sprite_atlas = platform_window.sprite_atlas();
 330        let mouse_position = platform_window.mouse_position();
 331        let modifiers = platform_window.modifiers();
 332        let content_size = platform_window.content_size();
 333        let scale_factor = platform_window.scale_factor();
 334        let bounds = platform_window.bounds();
 335        let text_system = Arc::new(WindowTextSystem::new(cx.text_system().clone()));
 336        let dirty = Rc::new(Cell::new(true));
 337        let active = Rc::new(Cell::new(false));
 338        let last_input_timestamp = Rc::new(Cell::new(Instant::now()));
 339
 340        platform_window.on_request_frame(Box::new({
 341            let mut cx = cx.to_async();
 342            let dirty = dirty.clone();
 343            let active = active.clone();
 344            let last_input_timestamp = last_input_timestamp.clone();
 345            move || {
 346                if dirty.get() {
 347                    measure("frame duration", || {
 348                        handle
 349                            .update(&mut cx, |_, cx| {
 350                                cx.draw();
 351                                cx.present();
 352                            })
 353                            .log_err();
 354                    })
 355                }
 356                // Keep presenting the current scene for 1 extra second since the
 357                // last input to prevent the display from underclocking the refresh rate.
 358                else if active.get()
 359                    && last_input_timestamp.get().elapsed() < Duration::from_secs(1)
 360                {
 361                    handle.update(&mut cx, |_, cx| cx.present()).log_err();
 362                }
 363            }
 364        }));
 365        platform_window.on_resize(Box::new({
 366            let mut cx = cx.to_async();
 367            move |_, _| {
 368                handle
 369                    .update(&mut cx, |_, cx| cx.window_bounds_changed())
 370                    .log_err();
 371            }
 372        }));
 373        platform_window.on_moved(Box::new({
 374            let mut cx = cx.to_async();
 375            move || {
 376                handle
 377                    .update(&mut cx, |_, cx| cx.window_bounds_changed())
 378                    .log_err();
 379            }
 380        }));
 381        platform_window.on_active_status_change(Box::new({
 382            let mut cx = cx.to_async();
 383            move |active| {
 384                handle
 385                    .update(&mut cx, |_, cx| {
 386                        cx.window.active.set(active);
 387                        cx.window
 388                            .activation_observers
 389                            .clone()
 390                            .retain(&(), |callback| callback(cx));
 391                    })
 392                    .log_err();
 393            }
 394        }));
 395
 396        platform_window.on_input({
 397            let mut cx = cx.to_async();
 398            Box::new(move |event| {
 399                handle
 400                    .update(&mut cx, |_, cx| cx.dispatch_event(event))
 401                    .log_err()
 402                    .unwrap_or(false)
 403            })
 404        });
 405
 406        Window {
 407            handle,
 408            removed: false,
 409            platform_window,
 410            display_id,
 411            sprite_atlas,
 412            text_system,
 413            rem_size: px(16.),
 414            viewport_size: content_size,
 415            layout_engine: Some(TaffyLayoutEngine::new()),
 416            root_view: None,
 417            element_id_stack: GlobalElementId::default(),
 418            rendered_frame: Frame::new(DispatchTree::new(cx.keymap.clone(), cx.actions.clone())),
 419            next_frame: Frame::new(DispatchTree::new(cx.keymap.clone(), cx.actions.clone())),
 420            dirty_views: FxHashSet::default(),
 421            focus_handles: Arc::new(RwLock::new(SlotMap::with_key())),
 422            focus_listeners: SubscriberSet::new(),
 423            focus_lost_listeners: SubscriberSet::new(),
 424            default_prevented: true,
 425            mouse_position,
 426            modifiers,
 427            scale_factor,
 428            bounds,
 429            bounds_observers: SubscriberSet::new(),
 430            active,
 431            dirty,
 432            last_input_timestamp,
 433            refreshing: false,
 434            drawing: false,
 435            activation_observers: SubscriberSet::new(),
 436            focus: None,
 437            focus_enabled: true,
 438            pending_input: None,
 439        }
 440    }
 441}
 442
 443/// Indicates which region of the window is visible. Content falling outside of this mask will not be
 444/// rendered. Currently, only rectangular content masks are supported, but we give the mask its own type
 445/// to leave room to support more complex shapes in the future.
 446#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
 447#[repr(C)]
 448pub struct ContentMask<P: Clone + Default + Debug> {
 449    /// The bounds
 450    pub bounds: Bounds<P>,
 451}
 452
 453impl ContentMask<Pixels> {
 454    /// Scale the content mask's pixel units by the given scaling factor.
 455    pub fn scale(&self, factor: f32) -> ContentMask<ScaledPixels> {
 456        ContentMask {
 457            bounds: self.bounds.scale(factor),
 458        }
 459    }
 460
 461    /// Intersect the content mask with the given content mask.
 462    pub fn intersect(&self, other: &Self) -> Self {
 463        let bounds = self.bounds.intersect(&other.bounds);
 464        ContentMask { bounds }
 465    }
 466}
 467
 468/// Provides access to application state in the context of a single window. Derefs
 469/// to an [`AppContext`], so you can also pass a [`WindowContext`] to any method that takes
 470/// an [`AppContext`] and call any [`AppContext`] methods.
 471pub struct WindowContext<'a> {
 472    pub(crate) app: &'a mut AppContext,
 473    pub(crate) window: &'a mut Window,
 474}
 475
 476impl<'a> WindowContext<'a> {
 477    pub(crate) fn new(app: &'a mut AppContext, window: &'a mut Window) -> Self {
 478        Self { app, window }
 479    }
 480
 481    /// Obtain a handle to the window that belongs to this context.
 482    pub fn window_handle(&self) -> AnyWindowHandle {
 483        self.window.handle
 484    }
 485
 486    /// Mark the window as dirty, scheduling it to be redrawn on the next frame.
 487    pub fn refresh(&mut self) {
 488        if !self.window.drawing {
 489            self.window.refreshing = true;
 490            self.window.dirty.set(true);
 491        }
 492    }
 493
 494    /// Close this window.
 495    pub fn remove_window(&mut self) {
 496        self.window.removed = true;
 497    }
 498
 499    /// Obtain a new [`FocusHandle`], which allows you to track and manipulate the keyboard focus
 500    /// for elements rendered within this window.
 501    pub fn focus_handle(&mut self) -> FocusHandle {
 502        FocusHandle::new(&self.window.focus_handles)
 503    }
 504
 505    /// Obtain the currently focused [`FocusHandle`]. If no elements are focused, returns `None`.
 506    pub fn focused(&self) -> Option<FocusHandle> {
 507        self.window
 508            .focus
 509            .and_then(|id| FocusHandle::for_id(id, &self.window.focus_handles))
 510    }
 511
 512    /// Move focus to the element associated with the given [`FocusHandle`].
 513    pub fn focus(&mut self, handle: &FocusHandle) {
 514        if !self.window.focus_enabled || self.window.focus == Some(handle.id) {
 515            return;
 516        }
 517
 518        self.window.focus = Some(handle.id);
 519        self.window
 520            .rendered_frame
 521            .dispatch_tree
 522            .clear_pending_keystrokes();
 523        self.refresh();
 524    }
 525
 526    /// Remove focus from all elements within this context's window.
 527    pub fn blur(&mut self) {
 528        if !self.window.focus_enabled {
 529            return;
 530        }
 531
 532        self.window.focus = None;
 533        self.refresh();
 534    }
 535
 536    /// Blur the window and don't allow anything in it to be focused again.
 537    pub fn disable_focus(&mut self) {
 538        self.blur();
 539        self.window.focus_enabled = false;
 540    }
 541
 542    /// Accessor for the text system.
 543    pub fn text_system(&self) -> &Arc<WindowTextSystem> {
 544        &self.window.text_system
 545    }
 546
 547    /// Dispatch the given action on the currently focused element.
 548    pub fn dispatch_action(&mut self, action: Box<dyn Action>) {
 549        let focus_handle = self.focused();
 550
 551        self.defer(move |cx| {
 552            let node_id = focus_handle
 553                .and_then(|handle| {
 554                    cx.window
 555                        .rendered_frame
 556                        .dispatch_tree
 557                        .focusable_node_id(handle.id)
 558                })
 559                .unwrap_or_else(|| cx.window.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree.root_node_id());
 560
 561            cx.propagate_event = true;
 562            cx.dispatch_action_on_node(node_id, action);
 563        })
 564    }
 565
 566    pub(crate) fn dispatch_keystroke_observers(
 567        &mut self,
 568        event: &dyn Any,
 569        action: Option<Box<dyn Action>>,
 570    ) {
 571        let Some(key_down_event) = event.downcast_ref::<KeyDownEvent>() else {
 572            return;
 573        };
 574
 575        self.keystroke_observers
 576            .clone()
 577            .retain(&(), move |callback| {
 578                (callback)(
 579                    &KeystrokeEvent {
 580                        keystroke: key_down_event.keystroke.clone(),
 581                        action: action.as_ref().map(|action| action.boxed_clone()),
 582                    },
 583                    self,
 584                );
 585                true
 586            });
 587    }
 588
 589    pub(crate) fn clear_pending_keystrokes(&mut self) {
 590        self.window
 591            .rendered_frame
 592            .dispatch_tree
 593            .clear_pending_keystrokes();
 594        self.window
 595            .next_frame
 596            .dispatch_tree
 597            .clear_pending_keystrokes();
 598    }
 599
 600    /// Schedules the given function to be run at the end of the current effect cycle, allowing entities
 601    /// that are currently on the stack to be returned to the app.
 602    pub fn defer(&mut self, f: impl FnOnce(&mut WindowContext) + 'static) {
 603        let handle = self.window.handle;
 604        self.app.defer(move |cx| {
 605            handle.update(cx, |_, cx| f(cx)).ok();
 606        });
 607    }
 608
 609    /// Subscribe to events emitted by a model or view.
 610    /// The entity to which you're subscribing must implement the [`EventEmitter`] trait.
 611    /// The callback will be invoked a handle to the emitting entity (either a [`View`] or [`Model`]), the event, and a window context for the current window.
 612    pub fn subscribe<Emitter, E, Evt>(
 613        &mut self,
 614        entity: &E,
 615        mut on_event: impl FnMut(E, &Evt, &mut WindowContext<'_>) + 'static,
 616    ) -> Subscription
 617    where
 618        Emitter: EventEmitter<Evt>,
 619        E: Entity<Emitter>,
 620        Evt: 'static,
 621    {
 622        let entity_id = entity.entity_id();
 623        let entity = entity.downgrade();
 624        let window_handle = self.window.handle;
 625        let (subscription, activate) = self.app.event_listeners.insert(
 626            entity_id,
 627            (
 628                TypeId::of::<Evt>(),
 629                Box::new(move |event, cx| {
 630                    window_handle
 631                        .update(cx, |_, cx| {
 632                            if let Some(handle) = E::upgrade_from(&entity) {
 633                                let event = event.downcast_ref().expect("invalid event type");
 634                                on_event(handle, event, cx);
 635                                true
 636                            } else {
 637                                false
 638                            }
 639                        })
 640                        .unwrap_or(false)
 641                }),
 642            ),
 643        );
 644        self.app.defer(move |_| activate());
 645        subscription
 646    }
 647
 648    /// Creates an [`AsyncWindowContext`], which has a static lifetime and can be held across
 649    /// await points in async code.
 650    pub fn to_async(&self) -> AsyncWindowContext {
 651        AsyncWindowContext::new(self.app.to_async(), self.window.handle)
 652    }
 653
 654    /// Schedule the given closure to be run directly after the current frame is rendered.
 655    pub fn on_next_frame(&mut self, callback: impl FnOnce(&mut WindowContext) + 'static) {
 656        let handle = self.window.handle;
 657        let display_id = self.window.display_id;
 658
 659        let mut frame_consumers = std::mem::take(&mut self.app.frame_consumers);
 660        if let Entry::Vacant(e) = frame_consumers.entry(display_id) {
 661            let (tx, mut rx) = mpsc::unbounded::<()>();
 662            self.platform.set_display_link_output_callback(
 663                display_id,
 664                Box::new(move || _ = tx.unbounded_send(())),
 665            );
 666
 667            let consumer_task = self.app.spawn(|cx| async move {
 668                while rx.next().await.is_some() {
 669                    cx.update(|cx| {
 670                        for callback in cx
 671                            .next_frame_callbacks
 672                            .get_mut(&display_id)
 673                            .unwrap()
 674                            .drain(..)
 675                            .collect::<SmallVec<[_; 32]>>()
 676                        {
 677                            callback(cx);
 678                        }
 679                    })
 680                    .ok();
 681
 682                    // Flush effects, then stop the display link if no new next_frame_callbacks have been added.
 683
 684                    cx.update(|cx| {
 685                        if cx.next_frame_callbacks.is_empty() {
 686                            cx.platform.stop_display_link(display_id);
 687                        }
 688                    })
 689                    .ok();
 690                }
 691            });
 692            e.insert(consumer_task);
 693        }
 694        debug_assert!(self.app.frame_consumers.is_empty());
 695        self.app.frame_consumers = frame_consumers;
 696
 697        if self.next_frame_callbacks.is_empty() {
 698            self.platform.start_display_link(display_id);
 699        }
 700
 701        self.next_frame_callbacks
 702            .entry(display_id)
 703            .or_default()
 704            .push(Box::new(move |cx: &mut AppContext| {
 705                cx.update_window(handle, |_root_view, cx| callback(cx)).ok();
 706            }));
 707    }
 708
 709    /// Spawn the future returned by the given closure on the application thread pool.
 710    /// The closure is provided a handle to the current window and an `AsyncWindowContext` for
 711    /// use within your future.
 712    pub fn spawn<Fut, R>(&mut self, f: impl FnOnce(AsyncWindowContext) -> Fut) -> Task<R>
 713    where
 714        R: 'static,
 715        Fut: Future<Output = R> + 'static,
 716    {
 717        self.app
 718            .spawn(|app| f(AsyncWindowContext::new(app, self.window.handle)))
 719    }
 720
 721    /// Updates the global of the given type. The given closure is given simultaneous mutable
 722    /// access both to the global and the context.
 723    pub fn update_global<G, R>(&mut self, f: impl FnOnce(&mut G, &mut Self) -> R) -> R
 724    where
 725        G: Global,
 726    {
 727        let mut global = self.app.lease_global::<G>();
 728        let result = f(&mut global, self);
 729        self.app.end_global_lease(global);
 730        result
 731    }
 732
 733    fn window_bounds_changed(&mut self) {
 734        self.window.scale_factor = self.window.platform_window.scale_factor();
 735        self.window.viewport_size = self.window.platform_window.content_size();
 736        self.window.bounds = self.window.platform_window.bounds();
 737        self.window.display_id = self.window.platform_window.display().id();
 738        self.refresh();
 739
 740        self.window
 741            .bounds_observers
 742            .clone()
 743            .retain(&(), |callback| callback(self));
 744    }
 745
 746    /// Returns the bounds of the current window in the global coordinate space, which could span across multiple displays.
 747    pub fn window_bounds(&self) -> WindowBounds {
 748        self.window.bounds
 749    }
 750
 751    /// Returns the size of the drawable area within the window.
 752    pub fn viewport_size(&self) -> Size<Pixels> {
 753        self.window.viewport_size
 754    }
 755
 756    /// Returns whether this window is focused by the operating system (receiving key events).
 757    pub fn is_window_active(&self) -> bool {
 758        self.window.active.get()
 759    }
 760
 761    /// Toggle zoom on the window.
 762    pub fn zoom_window(&self) {
 763        self.window.platform_window.zoom();
 764    }
 765
 766    /// Updates the window's title at the platform level.
 767    pub fn set_window_title(&mut self, title: &str) {
 768        self.window.platform_window.set_title(title);
 769    }
 770
 771    /// Mark the window as dirty at the platform level.
 772    pub fn set_window_edited(&mut self, edited: bool) {
 773        self.window.platform_window.set_edited(edited);
 774    }
 775
 776    /// Determine the display on which the window is visible.
 777    pub fn display(&self) -> Option<Rc<dyn PlatformDisplay>> {
 778        self.platform
 779            .displays()
 780            .into_iter()
 781            .find(|display| display.id() == self.window.display_id)
 782    }
 783
 784    /// Show the platform character palette.
 785    pub fn show_character_palette(&self) {
 786        self.window.platform_window.show_character_palette();
 787    }
 788
 789    /// The scale factor of the display associated with the window. For example, it could
 790    /// return 2.0 for a "retina" display, indicating that each logical pixel should actually
 791    /// be rendered as two pixels on screen.
 792    pub fn scale_factor(&self) -> f32 {
 793        self.window.scale_factor
 794    }
 795
 796    /// The size of an em for the base font of the application. Adjusting this value allows the
 797    /// UI to scale, just like zooming a web page.
 798    pub fn rem_size(&self) -> Pixels {
 799        self.window.rem_size
 800    }
 801
 802    /// Sets the size of an em for the base font of the application. Adjusting this value allows the
 803    /// UI to scale, just like zooming a web page.
 804    pub fn set_rem_size(&mut self, rem_size: impl Into<Pixels>) {
 805        self.window.rem_size = rem_size.into();
 806    }
 807
 808    /// The line height associated with the current text style.
 809    pub fn line_height(&self) -> Pixels {
 810        let rem_size = self.rem_size();
 811        let text_style = self.text_style();
 812        text_style
 813            .line_height
 814            .to_pixels(text_style.font_size, rem_size)
 815    }
 816
 817    /// Call to prevent the default action of an event. Currently only used to prevent
 818    /// parent elements from becoming focused on mouse down.
 819    pub fn prevent_default(&mut self) {
 820        self.window.default_prevented = true;
 821    }
 822
 823    /// Obtain whether default has been prevented for the event currently being dispatched.
 824    pub fn default_prevented(&self) -> bool {
 825        self.window.default_prevented
 826    }
 827
 828    /// Determine whether the given action is available along the dispatch path to the currently focused element.
 829    pub fn is_action_available(&self, action: &dyn Action) -> bool {
 830        let target = self
 831            .focused()
 832            .and_then(|focused_handle| {
 833                self.window
 834                    .rendered_frame
 835                    .dispatch_tree
 836                    .focusable_node_id(focused_handle.id)
 837            })
 838            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.window.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree.root_node_id());
 839        self.window
 840            .rendered_frame
 841            .dispatch_tree
 842            .is_action_available(action, target)
 843    }
 844
 845    /// The position of the mouse relative to the window.
 846    pub fn mouse_position(&self) -> Point<Pixels> {
 847        self.window.mouse_position
 848    }
 849
 850    /// The current state of the keyboard's modifiers
 851    pub fn modifiers(&self) -> Modifiers {
 852        self.window.modifiers
 853    }
 854
 855    /// Returns true if there is no opaque layer containing the given point
 856    /// on top of the given level. Layers who are extensions of the queried layer
 857    /// are not considered to be on top of queried layer.
 858    pub fn was_top_layer(&self, point: &Point<Pixels>, layer: &StackingOrder) -> bool {
 859        // Precondition: the depth map is ordered from topmost to bottomost.
 860
 861        for (opaque_layer, _, bounds) in self.window.rendered_frame.depth_map.iter() {
 862            if layer >= opaque_layer {
 863                // The queried layer is either above or is the same as the this opaque layer.
 864                // Anything after this point is guaranteed to be below the queried layer.
 865                return true;
 866            }
 867
 868            if !bounds.contains(point) {
 869                // This opaque layer is above the queried layer but it doesn't contain
 870                // the given position, so we can ignore it even if it's above.
 871                continue;
 872            }
 873
 874            // At this point, we've established that this opaque layer is on top of the queried layer
 875            // and contains the position:
 876            // If neither the opaque layer or the queried layer is an extension of the other then
 877            // we know they are on different stacking orders, and return false.
 878            let is_on_same_layer = opaque_layer
 879                .iter()
 880                .zip(layer.iter())
 881                .all(|(a, b)| a.z_index == b.z_index);
 882
 883            if !is_on_same_layer {
 884                return false;
 885            }
 886        }
 887
 888        true
 889    }
 890
 891    pub(crate) fn was_top_layer_under_active_drag(
 892        &self,
 893        point: &Point<Pixels>,
 894        layer: &StackingOrder,
 895    ) -> bool {
 896        // Precondition: the depth map is ordered from topmost to bottomost.
 897
 898        for (opaque_layer, _, bounds) in self.window.rendered_frame.depth_map.iter() {
 899            if layer >= opaque_layer {
 900                // The queried layer is either above or is the same as the this opaque layer.
 901                // Anything after this point is guaranteed to be below the queried layer.
 902                return true;
 903            }
 904
 905            if !bounds.contains(point) {
 906                // This opaque layer is above the queried layer but it doesn't contain
 907                // the given position, so we can ignore it even if it's above.
 908                continue;
 909            }
 910
 911            // All normal content is rendered with a base z-index of 0, we know that if the root of this opaque layer
 912            // equals `ACTIVE_DRAG_Z_INDEX` then it must be the drag layer and we can ignore it as we are
 913            // looking to see if the queried layer was the topmost underneath the drag layer.
 914            if opaque_layer
 915                .first()
 916                .map(|c| c.z_index == ACTIVE_DRAG_Z_INDEX)
 917                .unwrap_or(false)
 918            {
 919                continue;
 920            }
 921
 922            // At this point, we've established that this opaque layer is on top of the queried layer
 923            // and contains the position:
 924            // If neither the opaque layer or the queried layer is an extension of the other then
 925            // we know they are on different stacking orders, and return false.
 926            let is_on_same_layer = opaque_layer
 927                .iter()
 928                .zip(layer.iter())
 929                .all(|(a, b)| a.z_index == b.z_index);
 930
 931            if !is_on_same_layer {
 932                return false;
 933            }
 934        }
 935
 936        true
 937    }
 938
 939    /// Called during painting to get the current stacking order.
 940    pub fn stacking_order(&self) -> &StackingOrder {
 941        &self.window.next_frame.z_index_stack
 942    }
 943
 944    /// Produces a new frame and assigns it to `rendered_frame`. To actually show
 945    /// the contents of the new [Scene], use [present].
 946    pub(crate) fn draw(&mut self) {
 947        self.window.dirty.set(false);
 948        self.window.drawing = true;
 949
 950        if let Some(requested_handler) = self.window.rendered_frame.requested_input_handler.as_mut()
 951        {
 952            let input_handler = self.window.platform_window.take_input_handler();
 953            requested_handler.handler = input_handler;
 954        }
 955
 956        let root_view = self.window.root_view.take().unwrap();
 957        self.with_element_context(|cx| {
 958            cx.with_z_index(0, |cx| {
 959                cx.with_key_dispatch(Some(KeyContext::default()), None, |_, cx| {
 960                    // We need to use cx.cx here so we can utilize borrow splitting
 961                    for (action_type, action_listeners) in &cx.cx.app.global_action_listeners {
 962                        for action_listener in action_listeners.iter().cloned() {
 963                            cx.cx.window.next_frame.dispatch_tree.on_action(
 964                                *action_type,
 965                                Rc::new(
 966                                    move |action: &dyn Any, phase, cx: &mut WindowContext<'_>| {
 967                                        action_listener(action, phase, cx)
 968                                    },
 969                                ),
 970                            )
 971                        }
 972                    }
 973
 974                    let available_space = cx.window.viewport_size.map(Into::into);
 975                    root_view.draw(Point::default(), available_space, cx);
 976                })
 977            })
 978        });
 979
 980        if let Some(active_drag) = self.app.active_drag.take() {
 981            self.with_element_context(|cx| {
 982                cx.with_z_index(ACTIVE_DRAG_Z_INDEX, |cx| {
 983                    let offset = cx.mouse_position() - active_drag.cursor_offset;
 984                    let available_space =
 985                        size(AvailableSpace::MinContent, AvailableSpace::MinContent);
 986                    active_drag.view.draw(offset, available_space, cx);
 987                })
 988            });
 989            self.active_drag = Some(active_drag);
 990        } else if let Some(tooltip_request) = self.window.next_frame.tooltip_request.take() {
 991            self.with_element_context(|cx| {
 992                cx.with_z_index(1, |cx| {
 993                    let available_space =
 994                        size(AvailableSpace::MinContent, AvailableSpace::MinContent);
 995                    tooltip_request.tooltip.view.draw(
 996                        tooltip_request.tooltip.cursor_offset,
 997                        available_space,
 998                        cx,
 999                    );
1000                })
1001            });
1002            self.window.next_frame.tooltip_request = Some(tooltip_request);
1003        }
1004        self.window.dirty_views.clear();
1005
1006        self.window
1007            .next_frame
1008            .dispatch_tree
1009            .preserve_pending_keystrokes(
1010                &mut self.window.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree,
1011                self.window.focus,
1012            );
1013        self.window.next_frame.focus = self.window.focus;
1014        self.window.next_frame.window_active = self.window.active.get();
1015        self.window.root_view = Some(root_view);
1016
1017        // Set the cursor only if we're the active window.
1018        let cursor_style = self
1019            .window
1020            .next_frame
1021            .requested_cursor_style
1022            .take()
1023            .unwrap_or(CursorStyle::Arrow);
1024        if self.is_window_active() {
1025            self.platform.set_cursor_style(cursor_style);
1026        }
1027
1028        // Register requested input handler with the platform window.
1029        if let Some(requested_input) = self.window.next_frame.requested_input_handler.as_mut() {
1030            if let Some(handler) = requested_input.handler.take() {
1031                self.window.platform_window.set_input_handler(handler);
1032            }
1033        }
1034
1035        self.window.layout_engine.as_mut().unwrap().clear();
1036        self.text_system()
1037            .finish_frame(&self.window.next_frame.reused_views);
1038        self.window
1039            .next_frame
1040            .finish(&mut self.window.rendered_frame);
1041        ELEMENT_ARENA.with_borrow_mut(|element_arena| {
1042            let percentage = (element_arena.len() as f32 / element_arena.capacity() as f32) * 100.;
1043            if percentage >= 80. {
1044                log::warn!("elevated element arena occupation: {}.", percentage);
1045            }
1046            element_arena.clear();
1047        });
1048
1049        let previous_focus_path = self.window.rendered_frame.focus_path();
1050        let previous_window_active = self.window.rendered_frame.window_active;
1051        mem::swap(&mut self.window.rendered_frame, &mut self.window.next_frame);
1052        self.window.next_frame.clear();
1053        let current_focus_path = self.window.rendered_frame.focus_path();
1054        let current_window_active = self.window.rendered_frame.window_active;
1055
1056        if previous_focus_path != current_focus_path
1057            || previous_window_active != current_window_active
1058        {
1059            if !previous_focus_path.is_empty() && current_focus_path.is_empty() {
1060                self.window
1061                    .focus_lost_listeners
1062                    .clone()
1063                    .retain(&(), |listener| listener(self));
1064            }
1065
1066            let event = FocusEvent {
1067                previous_focus_path: if previous_window_active {
1068                    previous_focus_path
1069                } else {
1070                    Default::default()
1071                },
1072                current_focus_path: if current_window_active {
1073                    current_focus_path
1074                } else {
1075                    Default::default()
1076                },
1077            };
1078            self.window
1079                .focus_listeners
1080                .clone()
1081                .retain(&(), |listener| listener(&event, self));
1082        }
1083        self.window.refreshing = false;
1084        self.window.drawing = false;
1085    }
1086
1087    fn present(&self) {
1088        self.window
1089            .platform_window
1090            .draw(&self.window.rendered_frame.scene);
1091    }
1092
1093    /// Dispatch a mouse or keyboard event on the window.
1094    pub fn dispatch_event(&mut self, event: PlatformInput) -> bool {
1095        self.window.last_input_timestamp.set(Instant::now());
1096        // Handlers may set this to false by calling `stop_propagation`.
1097        self.app.propagate_event = true;
1098        // Handlers may set this to true by calling `prevent_default`.
1099        self.window.default_prevented = false;
1100
1101        let event = match event {
1102            // Track the mouse position with our own state, since accessing the platform
1103            // API for the mouse position can only occur on the main thread.
1104            PlatformInput::MouseMove(mouse_move) => {
1105                self.window.mouse_position = mouse_move.position;
1106                self.window.modifiers = mouse_move.modifiers;
1107                PlatformInput::MouseMove(mouse_move)
1108            }
1109            PlatformInput::MouseDown(mouse_down) => {
1110                self.window.mouse_position = mouse_down.position;
1111                self.window.modifiers = mouse_down.modifiers;
1112                PlatformInput::MouseDown(mouse_down)
1113            }
1114            PlatformInput::MouseUp(mouse_up) => {
1115                self.window.mouse_position = mouse_up.position;
1116                self.window.modifiers = mouse_up.modifiers;
1117                PlatformInput::MouseUp(mouse_up)
1118            }
1119            PlatformInput::MouseExited(mouse_exited) => {
1120                self.window.modifiers = mouse_exited.modifiers;
1121                PlatformInput::MouseExited(mouse_exited)
1122            }
1123            PlatformInput::ModifiersChanged(modifiers_changed) => {
1124                self.window.modifiers = modifiers_changed.modifiers;
1125                PlatformInput::ModifiersChanged(modifiers_changed)
1126            }
1127            PlatformInput::ScrollWheel(scroll_wheel) => {
1128                self.window.mouse_position = scroll_wheel.position;
1129                self.window.modifiers = scroll_wheel.modifiers;
1130                PlatformInput::ScrollWheel(scroll_wheel)
1131            }
1132            // Translate dragging and dropping of external files from the operating system
1133            // to internal drag and drop events.
1134            PlatformInput::FileDrop(file_drop) => match file_drop {
1135                FileDropEvent::Entered { position, paths } => {
1136                    self.window.mouse_position = position;
1137                    if self.active_drag.is_none() {
1138                        self.active_drag = Some(AnyDrag {
1139                            value: Box::new(paths.clone()),
1140                            view: self.new_view(|_| paths).into(),
1141                            cursor_offset: position,
1142                        });
1143                    }
1144                    PlatformInput::MouseMove(MouseMoveEvent {
1145                        position,
1146                        pressed_button: Some(MouseButton::Left),
1147                        modifiers: Modifiers::default(),
1148                    })
1149                }
1150                FileDropEvent::Pending { position } => {
1151                    self.window.mouse_position = position;
1152                    PlatformInput::MouseMove(MouseMoveEvent {
1153                        position,
1154                        pressed_button: Some(MouseButton::Left),
1155                        modifiers: Modifiers::default(),
1156                    })
1157                }
1158                FileDropEvent::Submit { position } => {
1159                    self.activate(true);
1160                    self.window.mouse_position = position;
1161                    PlatformInput::MouseUp(MouseUpEvent {
1162                        button: MouseButton::Left,
1163                        position,
1164                        modifiers: Modifiers::default(),
1165                        click_count: 1,
1166                    })
1167                }
1168                FileDropEvent::Exited => PlatformInput::MouseUp(MouseUpEvent {
1169                    button: MouseButton::Left,
1170                    position: Point::default(),
1171                    modifiers: Modifiers::default(),
1172                    click_count: 1,
1173                }),
1174            },
1175            PlatformInput::KeyDown(_) | PlatformInput::KeyUp(_) => event,
1176        };
1177
1178        if let Some(any_mouse_event) = event.mouse_event() {
1179            self.dispatch_mouse_event(any_mouse_event);
1180        } else if let Some(any_key_event) = event.keyboard_event() {
1181            self.dispatch_key_event(any_key_event);
1182        }
1183
1184        !self.app.propagate_event
1185    }
1186
1187    fn dispatch_mouse_event(&mut self, event: &dyn Any) {
1188        if let Some(mut handlers) = self
1189            .window
1190            .rendered_frame
1191            .mouse_listeners
1192            .remove(&event.type_id())
1193        {
1194            // Because handlers may add other handlers, we sort every time.
1195            handlers.sort_by(|(a, _, _), (b, _, _)| a.cmp(b));
1196
1197            // Capture phase, events bubble from back to front. Handlers for this phase are used for
1198            // special purposes, such as detecting events outside of a given Bounds.
1199            for (_, _, handler) in &mut handlers {
1200                self.with_element_context(|cx| {
1201                    handler(event, DispatchPhase::Capture, cx);
1202                });
1203                if !self.app.propagate_event {
1204                    break;
1205                }
1206            }
1207
1208            // Bubble phase, where most normal handlers do their work.
1209            if self.app.propagate_event {
1210                for (_, _, handler) in handlers.iter_mut().rev() {
1211                    self.with_element_context(|cx| {
1212                        handler(event, DispatchPhase::Bubble, cx);
1213                    });
1214                    if !self.app.propagate_event {
1215                        break;
1216                    }
1217                }
1218            }
1219
1220            self.window
1221                .rendered_frame
1222                .mouse_listeners
1223                .insert(event.type_id(), handlers);
1224        }
1225
1226        if self.app.propagate_event && self.has_active_drag() {
1227            if event.is::<MouseMoveEvent>() {
1228                // If this was a mouse move event, redraw the window so that the
1229                // active drag can follow the mouse cursor.
1230                self.refresh();
1231            } else if event.is::<MouseUpEvent>() {
1232                // If this was a mouse up event, cancel the active drag and redraw
1233                // the window.
1234                self.active_drag = None;
1235                self.refresh();
1236            }
1237        }
1238    }
1239
1240    fn dispatch_key_event(&mut self, event: &dyn Any) {
1241        let node_id = self
1242            .window
1243            .focus
1244            .and_then(|focus_id| {
1245                self.window
1246                    .rendered_frame
1247                    .dispatch_tree
1248                    .focusable_node_id(focus_id)
1249            })
1250            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.window.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree.root_node_id());
1251
1252        let dispatch_path = self
1253            .window
1254            .rendered_frame
1255            .dispatch_tree
1256            .dispatch_path(node_id);
1257
1258        if let Some(key_down_event) = event.downcast_ref::<KeyDownEvent>() {
1259            let KeymatchResult { bindings, pending } = self
1260                .window
1261                .rendered_frame
1262                .dispatch_tree
1263                .dispatch_key(&key_down_event.keystroke, &dispatch_path);
1264
1265            if pending {
1266                let mut currently_pending = self.window.pending_input.take().unwrap_or_default();
1267                if currently_pending.focus.is_some() && currently_pending.focus != self.window.focus
1268                {
1269                    currently_pending = PendingInput::default();
1270                }
1271                currently_pending.focus = self.window.focus;
1272                currently_pending
1273                    .keystrokes
1274                    .push(key_down_event.keystroke.clone());
1275                for binding in bindings {
1276                    currently_pending.bindings.push(binding);
1277                }
1278
1279                currently_pending.timer = Some(self.spawn(|mut cx| async move {
1280                    cx.background_executor.timer(Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
1281                    cx.update(move |cx| {
1282                        cx.clear_pending_keystrokes();
1283                        let Some(currently_pending) = cx.window.pending_input.take() else {
1284                            return;
1285                        };
1286                        cx.replay_pending_input(currently_pending)
1287                    })
1288                    .log_err();
1289                }));
1290                self.window.pending_input = Some(currently_pending);
1291
1292                self.propagate_event = false;
1293                return;
1294            } else if let Some(currently_pending) = self.window.pending_input.take() {
1295                if bindings
1296                    .iter()
1297                    .all(|binding| !currently_pending.used_by_binding(binding))
1298                {
1299                    self.replay_pending_input(currently_pending)
1300                }
1301            }
1302
1303            if !bindings.is_empty() {
1304                self.clear_pending_keystrokes();
1305            }
1306
1307            self.propagate_event = true;
1308            for binding in bindings {
1309                self.dispatch_action_on_node(node_id, binding.action.boxed_clone());
1310                if !self.propagate_event {
1311                    self.dispatch_keystroke_observers(event, Some(binding.action));
1312                    return;
1313                }
1314            }
1315        }
1316
1317        self.dispatch_key_down_up_event(event, &dispatch_path);
1318        if !self.propagate_event {
1319            return;
1320        }
1321
1322        self.dispatch_keystroke_observers(event, None);
1323    }
1324
1325    fn dispatch_key_down_up_event(
1326        &mut self,
1327        event: &dyn Any,
1328        dispatch_path: &SmallVec<[DispatchNodeId; 32]>,
1329    ) {
1330        // Capture phase
1331        for node_id in dispatch_path {
1332            let node = self.window.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree.node(*node_id);
1333
1334            for key_listener in node.key_listeners.clone() {
1335                self.with_element_context(|cx| {
1336                    key_listener(event, DispatchPhase::Capture, cx);
1337                });
1338                if !self.propagate_event {
1339                    return;
1340                }
1341            }
1342        }
1343
1344        // Bubble phase
1345        for node_id in dispatch_path.iter().rev() {
1346            // Handle low level key events
1347            let node = self.window.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree.node(*node_id);
1348            for key_listener in node.key_listeners.clone() {
1349                self.with_element_context(|cx| {
1350                    key_listener(event, DispatchPhase::Bubble, cx);
1351                });
1352                if !self.propagate_event {
1353                    return;
1354                }
1355            }
1356        }
1357    }
1358
1359    /// Determine whether a potential multi-stroke key binding is in progress on this window.
1360    pub fn has_pending_keystrokes(&self) -> bool {
1361        self.window
1362            .rendered_frame
1363            .dispatch_tree
1364            .has_pending_keystrokes()
1365    }
1366
1367    fn replay_pending_input(&mut self, currently_pending: PendingInput) {
1368        let node_id = self
1369            .window
1370            .focus
1371            .and_then(|focus_id| {
1372                self.window
1373                    .rendered_frame
1374                    .dispatch_tree
1375                    .focusable_node_id(focus_id)
1376            })
1377            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.window.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree.root_node_id());
1378
1379        if self.window.focus != currently_pending.focus {
1380            return;
1381        }
1382
1383        let input = currently_pending.input();
1384
1385        self.propagate_event = true;
1386        for binding in currently_pending.bindings {
1387            self.dispatch_action_on_node(node_id, binding.action.boxed_clone());
1388            if !self.propagate_event {
1389                return;
1390            }
1391        }
1392
1393        let dispatch_path = self
1394            .window
1395            .rendered_frame
1396            .dispatch_tree
1397            .dispatch_path(node_id);
1398
1399        for keystroke in currently_pending.keystrokes {
1400            let event = KeyDownEvent {
1401                keystroke,
1402                is_held: false,
1403            };
1404
1405            self.dispatch_key_down_up_event(&event, &dispatch_path);
1406            if !self.propagate_event {
1407                return;
1408            }
1409        }
1410
1411        if !input.is_empty() {
1412            if let Some(mut input_handler) = self.window.platform_window.take_input_handler() {
1413                input_handler.flush_pending_input(&input, self);
1414                self.window.platform_window.set_input_handler(input_handler)
1415            }
1416        }
1417    }
1418
1419    fn dispatch_action_on_node(&mut self, node_id: DispatchNodeId, action: Box<dyn Action>) {
1420        let dispatch_path = self
1421            .window
1422            .rendered_frame
1423            .dispatch_tree
1424            .dispatch_path(node_id);
1425
1426        // Capture phase
1427        for node_id in &dispatch_path {
1428            let node = self.window.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree.node(*node_id);
1429            for DispatchActionListener {
1430                action_type,
1431                listener,
1432            } in node.action_listeners.clone()
1433            {
1434                let any_action = action.as_any();
1435                if action_type == any_action.type_id() {
1436                    self.with_element_context(|cx| {
1437                        listener(any_action, DispatchPhase::Capture, cx);
1438                    });
1439
1440                    if !self.propagate_event {
1441                        return;
1442                    }
1443                }
1444            }
1445        }
1446        // Bubble phase
1447        for node_id in dispatch_path.iter().rev() {
1448            let node = self.window.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree.node(*node_id);
1449            for DispatchActionListener {
1450                action_type,
1451                listener,
1452            } in node.action_listeners.clone()
1453            {
1454                let any_action = action.as_any();
1455                if action_type == any_action.type_id() {
1456                    self.propagate_event = false; // Actions stop propagation by default during the bubble phase
1457
1458                    self.with_element_context(|cx| {
1459                        listener(any_action, DispatchPhase::Bubble, cx);
1460                    });
1461
1462                    if !self.propagate_event {
1463                        return;
1464                    }
1465                }
1466            }
1467        }
1468    }
1469
1470    /// Register the given handler to be invoked whenever the global of the given type
1471    /// is updated.
1472    pub fn observe_global<G: Global>(
1473        &mut self,
1474        f: impl Fn(&mut WindowContext<'_>) + 'static,
1475    ) -> Subscription {
1476        let window_handle = self.window.handle;
1477        let (subscription, activate) = self.global_observers.insert(
1478            TypeId::of::<G>(),
1479            Box::new(move |cx| window_handle.update(cx, |_, cx| f(cx)).is_ok()),
1480        );
1481        self.app.defer(move |_| activate());
1482        subscription
1483    }
1484
1485    /// Focus the current window and bring it to the foreground at the platform level.
1486    pub fn activate_window(&self) {
1487        self.window.platform_window.activate();
1488    }
1489
1490    /// Minimize the current window at the platform level.
1491    pub fn minimize_window(&self) {
1492        self.window.platform_window.minimize();
1493    }
1494
1495    /// Toggle full screen status on the current window at the platform level.
1496    pub fn toggle_full_screen(&self) {
1497        self.window.platform_window.toggle_full_screen();
1498    }
1499
1500    /// Present a platform dialog.
1501    /// The provided message will be presented, along with buttons for each answer.
1502    /// When a button is clicked, the returned Receiver will receive the index of the clicked button.
1503    pub fn prompt(
1504        &self,
1505        level: PromptLevel,
1506        message: &str,
1507        detail: Option<&str>,
1508        answers: &[&str],
1509    ) -> oneshot::Receiver<usize> {
1510        self.window
1511            .platform_window
1512            .prompt(level, message, detail, answers)
1513    }
1514
1515    /// Returns all available actions for the focused element.
1516    pub fn available_actions(&self) -> Vec<Box<dyn Action>> {
1517        let node_id = self
1518            .window
1519            .focus
1520            .and_then(|focus_id| {
1521                self.window
1522                    .rendered_frame
1523                    .dispatch_tree
1524                    .focusable_node_id(focus_id)
1525            })
1526            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.window.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree.root_node_id());
1527
1528        self.window
1529            .rendered_frame
1530            .dispatch_tree
1531            .available_actions(node_id)
1532    }
1533
1534    /// Returns key bindings that invoke the given action on the currently focused element.
1535    pub fn bindings_for_action(&self, action: &dyn Action) -> Vec<KeyBinding> {
1536        self.window
1537            .rendered_frame
1538            .dispatch_tree
1539            .bindings_for_action(
1540                action,
1541                &self.window.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree.context_stack,
1542            )
1543    }
1544
1545    /// Returns any bindings that would invoke the given action on the given focus handle if it were focused.
1546    pub fn bindings_for_action_in(
1547        &self,
1548        action: &dyn Action,
1549        focus_handle: &FocusHandle,
1550    ) -> Vec<KeyBinding> {
1551        let dispatch_tree = &self.window.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree;
1552
1553        let Some(node_id) = dispatch_tree.focusable_node_id(focus_handle.id) else {
1554            return vec![];
1555        };
1556        let context_stack = dispatch_tree
1557            .dispatch_path(node_id)
1558            .into_iter()
1559            .filter_map(|node_id| dispatch_tree.node(node_id).context.clone())
1560            .collect();
1561        dispatch_tree.bindings_for_action(action, &context_stack)
1562    }
1563
1564    /// Returns a generic event listener that invokes the given listener with the view and context associated with the given view handle.
1565    pub fn listener_for<V: Render, E>(
1566        &self,
1567        view: &View<V>,
1568        f: impl Fn(&mut V, &E, &mut ViewContext<V>) + 'static,
1569    ) -> impl Fn(&E, &mut WindowContext) + 'static {
1570        let view = view.downgrade();
1571        move |e: &E, cx: &mut WindowContext| {
1572            view.update(cx, |view, cx| f(view, e, cx)).ok();
1573        }
1574    }
1575
1576    /// Returns a generic handler that invokes the given handler with the view and context associated with the given view handle.
1577    pub fn handler_for<V: Render>(
1578        &self,
1579        view: &View<V>,
1580        f: impl Fn(&mut V, &mut ViewContext<V>) + 'static,
1581    ) -> impl Fn(&mut WindowContext) {
1582        let view = view.downgrade();
1583        move |cx: &mut WindowContext| {
1584            view.update(cx, |view, cx| f(view, cx)).ok();
1585        }
1586    }
1587
1588    /// Register a callback that can interrupt the closing of the current window based the returned boolean.
1589    /// If the callback returns false, the window won't be closed.
1590    pub fn on_window_should_close(&mut self, f: impl Fn(&mut WindowContext) -> bool + 'static) {
1591        let mut this = self.to_async();
1592        self.window
1593            .platform_window
1594            .on_should_close(Box::new(move || {
1595                this.update(|cx| {
1596                    // Ensure that the window is removed from the app if it's been closed
1597                    // by always pre-empting the system close event.
1598                    if f(cx) {
1599                        cx.remove_window();
1600                    }
1601                    false
1602                })
1603                .unwrap_or(true)
1604            }))
1605    }
1606
1607    pub(crate) fn parent_view_id(&self) -> EntityId {
1608        *self
1609            .window
1610            .next_frame
1611            .view_stack
1612            .last()
1613            .expect("a view should always be on the stack while drawing")
1614    }
1615
1616    /// Register an action listener on the window for the next frame. The type of action
1617    /// is determined by the first parameter of the given listener. When the next frame is rendered
1618    /// the listener will be cleared.
1619    ///
1620    /// This is a fairly low-level method, so prefer using action handlers on elements unless you have
1621    /// a specific need to register a global listener.
1622    pub fn on_action(
1623        &mut self,
1624        action_type: TypeId,
1625        listener: impl Fn(&dyn Any, DispatchPhase, &mut WindowContext) + 'static,
1626    ) {
1627        self.window
1628            .next_frame
1629            .dispatch_tree
1630            .on_action(action_type, Rc::new(listener));
1631    }
1632}
1633
1634impl Context for WindowContext<'_> {
1635    type Result<T> = T;
1636
1637    fn new_model<T>(&mut self, build_model: impl FnOnce(&mut ModelContext<'_, T>) -> T) -> Model<T>
1638    where
1639        T: 'static,
1640    {
1641        let slot = self.app.entities.reserve();
1642        let model = build_model(&mut ModelContext::new(&mut *self.app, slot.downgrade()));
1643        self.entities.insert(slot, model)
1644    }
1645
1646    fn update_model<T: 'static, R>(
1647        &mut self,
1648        model: &Model<T>,
1649        update: impl FnOnce(&mut T, &mut ModelContext<'_, T>) -> R,
1650    ) -> R {
1651        let mut entity = self.entities.lease(model);
1652        let result = update(
1653            &mut *entity,
1654            &mut ModelContext::new(&mut *self.app, model.downgrade()),
1655        );
1656        self.entities.end_lease(entity);
1657        result
1658    }
1659
1660    fn update_window<T, F>(&mut self, window: AnyWindowHandle, update: F) -> Result<T>
1661    where
1662        F: FnOnce(AnyView, &mut WindowContext<'_>) -> T,
1663    {
1664        if window == self.window.handle {
1665            let root_view = self.window.root_view.clone().unwrap();
1666            Ok(update(root_view, self))
1667        } else {
1668            window.update(self.app, update)
1669        }
1670    }
1671
1672    fn read_model<T, R>(
1673        &self,
1674        handle: &Model<T>,
1675        read: impl FnOnce(&T, &AppContext) -> R,
1676    ) -> Self::Result<R>
1677    where
1678        T: 'static,
1679    {
1680        let entity = self.entities.read(handle);
1681        read(entity, &*self.app)
1682    }
1683
1684    fn read_window<T, R>(
1685        &self,
1686        window: &WindowHandle<T>,
1687        read: impl FnOnce(View<T>, &AppContext) -> R,
1688    ) -> Result<R>
1689    where
1690        T: 'static,
1691    {
1692        if window.any_handle == self.window.handle {
1693            let root_view = self
1694                .window
1695                .root_view
1696                .clone()
1697                .unwrap()
1698                .downcast::<T>()
1699                .map_err(|_| anyhow!("the type of the window's root view has changed"))?;
1700            Ok(read(root_view, self))
1701        } else {
1702            self.app.read_window(window, read)
1703        }
1704    }
1705}
1706
1707impl VisualContext for WindowContext<'_> {
1708    fn new_view<V>(
1709        &mut self,
1710        build_view_state: impl FnOnce(&mut ViewContext<'_, V>) -> V,
1711    ) -> Self::Result<View<V>>
1712    where
1713        V: 'static + Render,
1714    {
1715        let slot = self.app.entities.reserve();
1716        let view = View {
1717            model: slot.clone(),
1718        };
1719        let mut cx = ViewContext::new(&mut *self.app, &mut *self.window, &view);
1720        let entity = build_view_state(&mut cx);
1721        cx.entities.insert(slot, entity);
1722
1723        cx.new_view_observers
1724            .clone()
1725            .retain(&TypeId::of::<V>(), |observer| {
1726                let any_view = AnyView::from(view.clone());
1727                (observer)(any_view, self);
1728                true
1729            });
1730
1731        view
1732    }
1733
1734    /// Updates the given view. Prefer calling [`View::update`] instead, which calls this method.
1735    fn update_view<T: 'static, R>(
1736        &mut self,
1737        view: &View<T>,
1738        update: impl FnOnce(&mut T, &mut ViewContext<'_, T>) -> R,
1739    ) -> Self::Result<R> {
1740        let mut lease = self.app.entities.lease(&view.model);
1741        let mut cx = ViewContext::new(&mut *self.app, &mut *self.window, view);
1742        let result = update(&mut *lease, &mut cx);
1743        cx.app.entities.end_lease(lease);
1744        result
1745    }
1746
1747    fn replace_root_view<V>(
1748        &mut self,
1749        build_view: impl FnOnce(&mut ViewContext<'_, V>) -> V,
1750    ) -> Self::Result<View<V>>
1751    where
1752        V: 'static + Render,
1753    {
1754        let view = self.new_view(build_view);
1755        self.window.root_view = Some(view.clone().into());
1756        self.refresh();
1757        view
1758    }
1759
1760    fn focus_view<V: crate::FocusableView>(&mut self, view: &View<V>) -> Self::Result<()> {
1761        self.update_view(view, |view, cx| {
1762            view.focus_handle(cx).clone().focus(cx);
1763        })
1764    }
1765
1766    fn dismiss_view<V>(&mut self, view: &View<V>) -> Self::Result<()>
1767    where
1768        V: ManagedView,
1769    {
1770        self.update_view(view, |_, cx| cx.emit(DismissEvent))
1771    }
1772}
1773
1774impl<'a> std::ops::Deref for WindowContext<'a> {
1775    type Target = AppContext;
1776
1777    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
1778        self.app
1779    }
1780}
1781
1782impl<'a> std::ops::DerefMut for WindowContext<'a> {
1783    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
1784        self.app
1785    }
1786}
1787
1788impl<'a> Borrow<AppContext> for WindowContext<'a> {
1789    fn borrow(&self) -> &AppContext {
1790        self.app
1791    }
1792}
1793
1794impl<'a> BorrowMut<AppContext> for WindowContext<'a> {
1795    fn borrow_mut(&mut self) -> &mut AppContext {
1796        self.app
1797    }
1798}
1799
1800/// This trait contains functionality that is shared across [`ViewContext`] and [`WindowContext`]
1801pub trait BorrowWindow: BorrowMut<Window> + BorrowMut<AppContext> {
1802    #[doc(hidden)]
1803    fn app_mut(&mut self) -> &mut AppContext {
1804        self.borrow_mut()
1805    }
1806
1807    #[doc(hidden)]
1808    fn app(&self) -> &AppContext {
1809        self.borrow()
1810    }
1811
1812    #[doc(hidden)]
1813    fn window(&self) -> &Window {
1814        self.borrow()
1815    }
1816
1817    #[doc(hidden)]
1818    fn window_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Window {
1819        self.borrow_mut()
1820    }
1821}
1822
1823impl Borrow<Window> for WindowContext<'_> {
1824    fn borrow(&self) -> &Window {
1825        self.window
1826    }
1827}
1828
1829impl BorrowMut<Window> for WindowContext<'_> {
1830    fn borrow_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Window {
1831        self.window
1832    }
1833}
1834
1835impl<T> BorrowWindow for T where T: BorrowMut<AppContext> + BorrowMut<Window> {}
1836
1837/// Provides access to application state that is specialized for a particular [`View`].
1838/// Allows you to interact with focus, emit events, etc.
1839/// ViewContext also derefs to [`WindowContext`], giving you access to all of its methods as well.
1840/// When you call [`View::update`], you're passed a `&mut V` and an `&mut ViewContext<V>`.
1841pub struct ViewContext<'a, V> {
1842    window_cx: WindowContext<'a>,
1843    view: &'a View<V>,
1844}
1845
1846impl<V> Borrow<AppContext> for ViewContext<'_, V> {
1847    fn borrow(&self) -> &AppContext {
1848        &*self.window_cx.app
1849    }
1850}
1851
1852impl<V> BorrowMut<AppContext> for ViewContext<'_, V> {
1853    fn borrow_mut(&mut self) -> &mut AppContext {
1854        &mut *self.window_cx.app
1855    }
1856}
1857
1858impl<V> Borrow<Window> for ViewContext<'_, V> {
1859    fn borrow(&self) -> &Window {
1860        &*self.window_cx.window
1861    }
1862}
1863
1864impl<V> BorrowMut<Window> for ViewContext<'_, V> {
1865    fn borrow_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Window {
1866        &mut *self.window_cx.window
1867    }
1868}
1869
1870impl<'a, V: 'static> ViewContext<'a, V> {
1871    pub(crate) fn new(app: &'a mut AppContext, window: &'a mut Window, view: &'a View<V>) -> Self {
1872        Self {
1873            window_cx: WindowContext::new(app, window),
1874            view,
1875        }
1876    }
1877
1878    /// Get the entity_id of this view.
1879    pub fn entity_id(&self) -> EntityId {
1880        self.view.entity_id()
1881    }
1882
1883    /// Get the view pointer underlying this context.
1884    pub fn view(&self) -> &View<V> {
1885        self.view
1886    }
1887
1888    /// Get the model underlying this view.
1889    pub fn model(&self) -> &Model<V> {
1890        &self.view.model
1891    }
1892
1893    /// Access the underlying window context.
1894    pub fn window_context(&mut self) -> &mut WindowContext<'a> {
1895        &mut self.window_cx
1896    }
1897
1898    /// Sets a given callback to be run on the next frame.
1899    pub fn on_next_frame(&mut self, f: impl FnOnce(&mut V, &mut ViewContext<V>) + 'static)
1900    where
1901        V: 'static,
1902    {
1903        let view = self.view().clone();
1904        self.window_cx.on_next_frame(move |cx| view.update(cx, f));
1905    }
1906
1907    /// Schedules the given function to be run at the end of the current effect cycle, allowing entities
1908    /// that are currently on the stack to be returned to the app.
1909    pub fn defer(&mut self, f: impl FnOnce(&mut V, &mut ViewContext<V>) + 'static) {
1910        let view = self.view().downgrade();
1911        self.window_cx.defer(move |cx| {
1912            view.update(cx, f).ok();
1913        });
1914    }
1915
1916    /// Observe another model or view for changes to its state, as tracked by [`ModelContext::notify`].
1917    pub fn observe<V2, E>(
1918        &mut self,
1919        entity: &E,
1920        mut on_notify: impl FnMut(&mut V, E, &mut ViewContext<'_, V>) + 'static,
1921    ) -> Subscription
1922    where
1923        V2: 'static,
1924        V: 'static,
1925        E: Entity<V2>,
1926    {
1927        let view = self.view().downgrade();
1928        let entity_id = entity.entity_id();
1929        let entity = entity.downgrade();
1930        let window_handle = self.window.handle;
1931        let (subscription, activate) = self.app.observers.insert(
1932            entity_id,
1933            Box::new(move |cx| {
1934                window_handle
1935                    .update(cx, |_, cx| {
1936                        if let Some(handle) = E::upgrade_from(&entity) {
1937                            view.update(cx, |this, cx| on_notify(this, handle, cx))
1938                                .is_ok()
1939                        } else {
1940                            false
1941                        }
1942                    })
1943                    .unwrap_or(false)
1944            }),
1945        );
1946        self.app.defer(move |_| activate());
1947        subscription
1948    }
1949
1950    /// Subscribe to events emitted by another model or view.
1951    /// The entity to which you're subscribing must implement the [`EventEmitter`] trait.
1952    /// The callback will be invoked with a reference to the current view, a handle to the emitting entity (either a [`View`] or [`Model`]), the event, and a view context for the current view.
1953    pub fn subscribe<V2, E, Evt>(
1954        &mut self,
1955        entity: &E,
1956        mut on_event: impl FnMut(&mut V, E, &Evt, &mut ViewContext<'_, V>) + 'static,
1957    ) -> Subscription
1958    where
1959        V2: EventEmitter<Evt>,
1960        E: Entity<V2>,
1961        Evt: 'static,
1962    {
1963        let view = self.view().downgrade();
1964        let entity_id = entity.entity_id();
1965        let handle = entity.downgrade();
1966        let window_handle = self.window.handle;
1967        let (subscription, activate) = self.app.event_listeners.insert(
1968            entity_id,
1969            (
1970                TypeId::of::<Evt>(),
1971                Box::new(move |event, cx| {
1972                    window_handle
1973                        .update(cx, |_, cx| {
1974                            if let Some(handle) = E::upgrade_from(&handle) {
1975                                let event = event.downcast_ref().expect("invalid event type");
1976                                view.update(cx, |this, cx| on_event(this, handle, event, cx))
1977                                    .is_ok()
1978                            } else {
1979                                false
1980                            }
1981                        })
1982                        .unwrap_or(false)
1983                }),
1984            ),
1985        );
1986        self.app.defer(move |_| activate());
1987        subscription
1988    }
1989
1990    /// Register a callback to be invoked when the view is released.
1991    ///
1992    /// The callback receives a handle to the view's window. This handle may be
1993    /// invalid, if the window was closed before the view was released.
1994    pub fn on_release(
1995        &mut self,
1996        on_release: impl FnOnce(&mut V, AnyWindowHandle, &mut AppContext) + 'static,
1997    ) -> Subscription {
1998        let window_handle = self.window.handle;
1999        let (subscription, activate) = self.app.release_listeners.insert(
2000            self.view.model.entity_id,
2001            Box::new(move |this, cx| {
2002                let this = this.downcast_mut().expect("invalid entity type");
2003                on_release(this, window_handle, cx)
2004            }),
2005        );
2006        activate();
2007        subscription
2008    }
2009
2010    /// Register a callback to be invoked when the given Model or View is released.
2011    pub fn observe_release<V2, E>(
2012        &mut self,
2013        entity: &E,
2014        mut on_release: impl FnMut(&mut V, &mut V2, &mut ViewContext<'_, V>) + 'static,
2015    ) -> Subscription
2016    where
2017        V: 'static,
2018        V2: 'static,
2019        E: Entity<V2>,
2020    {
2021        let view = self.view().downgrade();
2022        let entity_id = entity.entity_id();
2023        let window_handle = self.window.handle;
2024        let (subscription, activate) = self.app.release_listeners.insert(
2025            entity_id,
2026            Box::new(move |entity, cx| {
2027                let entity = entity.downcast_mut().expect("invalid entity type");
2028                let _ = window_handle.update(cx, |_, cx| {
2029                    view.update(cx, |this, cx| on_release(this, entity, cx))
2030                });
2031            }),
2032        );
2033        activate();
2034        subscription
2035    }
2036
2037    /// Indicate that this view has changed, which will invoke any observers and also mark the window as dirty.
2038    /// If this view or any of its ancestors are *cached*, notifying it will cause it or its ancestors to be redrawn.
2039    pub fn notify(&mut self) {
2040        for view_id in self
2041            .window
2042            .rendered_frame
2043            .dispatch_tree
2044            .view_path(self.view.entity_id())
2045            .into_iter()
2046            .rev()
2047        {
2048            if !self.window.dirty_views.insert(view_id) {
2049                break;
2050            }
2051        }
2052
2053        if !self.window.drawing {
2054            self.window_cx.window.dirty.set(true);
2055            self.window_cx.app.push_effect(Effect::Notify {
2056                emitter: self.view.model.entity_id,
2057            });
2058        }
2059    }
2060
2061    /// Register a callback to be invoked when the window is resized.
2062    pub fn observe_window_bounds(
2063        &mut self,
2064        mut callback: impl FnMut(&mut V, &mut ViewContext<V>) + 'static,
2065    ) -> Subscription {
2066        let view = self.view.downgrade();
2067        let (subscription, activate) = self.window.bounds_observers.insert(
2068            (),
2069            Box::new(move |cx| view.update(cx, |view, cx| callback(view, cx)).is_ok()),
2070        );
2071        activate();
2072        subscription
2073    }
2074
2075    /// Register a callback to be invoked when the window is activated or deactivated.
2076    pub fn observe_window_activation(
2077        &mut self,
2078        mut callback: impl FnMut(&mut V, &mut ViewContext<V>) + 'static,
2079    ) -> Subscription {
2080        let view = self.view.downgrade();
2081        let (subscription, activate) = self.window.activation_observers.insert(
2082            (),
2083            Box::new(move |cx| view.update(cx, |view, cx| callback(view, cx)).is_ok()),
2084        );
2085        activate();
2086        subscription
2087    }
2088
2089    /// Register a listener to be called when the given focus handle receives focus.
2090    /// Returns a subscription and persists until the subscription is dropped.
2091    pub fn on_focus(
2092        &mut self,
2093        handle: &FocusHandle,
2094        mut listener: impl FnMut(&mut V, &mut ViewContext<V>) + 'static,
2095    ) -> Subscription {
2096        let view = self.view.downgrade();
2097        let focus_id = handle.id;
2098        let (subscription, activate) = self.window.focus_listeners.insert(
2099            (),
2100            Box::new(move |event, cx| {
2101                view.update(cx, |view, cx| {
2102                    if event.previous_focus_path.last() != Some(&focus_id)
2103                        && event.current_focus_path.last() == Some(&focus_id)
2104                    {
2105                        listener(view, cx)
2106                    }
2107                })
2108                .is_ok()
2109            }),
2110        );
2111        self.app.defer(move |_| activate());
2112        subscription
2113    }
2114
2115    /// Register a listener to be called when the given focus handle or one of its descendants receives focus.
2116    /// Returns a subscription and persists until the subscription is dropped.
2117    pub fn on_focus_in(
2118        &mut self,
2119        handle: &FocusHandle,
2120        mut listener: impl FnMut(&mut V, &mut ViewContext<V>) + 'static,
2121    ) -> Subscription {
2122        let view = self.view.downgrade();
2123        let focus_id = handle.id;
2124        let (subscription, activate) = self.window.focus_listeners.insert(
2125            (),
2126            Box::new(move |event, cx| {
2127                view.update(cx, |view, cx| {
2128                    if !event.previous_focus_path.contains(&focus_id)
2129                        && event.current_focus_path.contains(&focus_id)
2130                    {
2131                        listener(view, cx)
2132                    }
2133                })
2134                .is_ok()
2135            }),
2136        );
2137        self.app.defer(move |_| activate());
2138        subscription
2139    }
2140
2141    /// Register a listener to be called when the given focus handle loses focus.
2142    /// Returns a subscription and persists until the subscription is dropped.
2143    pub fn on_blur(
2144        &mut self,
2145        handle: &FocusHandle,
2146        mut listener: impl FnMut(&mut V, &mut ViewContext<V>) + 'static,
2147    ) -> Subscription {
2148        let view = self.view.downgrade();
2149        let focus_id = handle.id;
2150        let (subscription, activate) = self.window.focus_listeners.insert(
2151            (),
2152            Box::new(move |event, cx| {
2153                view.update(cx, |view, cx| {
2154                    if event.previous_focus_path.last() == Some(&focus_id)
2155                        && event.current_focus_path.last() != Some(&focus_id)
2156                    {
2157                        listener(view, cx)
2158                    }
2159                })
2160                .is_ok()
2161            }),
2162        );
2163        self.app.defer(move |_| activate());
2164        subscription
2165    }
2166
2167    /// Register a listener to be called when nothing in the window has focus.
2168    /// This typically happens when the node that was focused is removed from the tree,
2169    /// and this callback lets you chose a default place to restore the users focus.
2170    /// Returns a subscription and persists until the subscription is dropped.
2171    pub fn on_focus_lost(
2172        &mut self,
2173        mut listener: impl FnMut(&mut V, &mut ViewContext<V>) + 'static,
2174    ) -> Subscription {
2175        let view = self.view.downgrade();
2176        let (subscription, activate) = self.window.focus_lost_listeners.insert(
2177            (),
2178            Box::new(move |cx| view.update(cx, |view, cx| listener(view, cx)).is_ok()),
2179        );
2180        activate();
2181        subscription
2182    }
2183
2184    /// Register a listener to be called when the given focus handle or one of its descendants loses focus.
2185    /// Returns a subscription and persists until the subscription is dropped.
2186    pub fn on_focus_out(
2187        &mut self,
2188        handle: &FocusHandle,
2189        mut listener: impl FnMut(&mut V, &mut ViewContext<V>) + 'static,
2190    ) -> Subscription {
2191        let view = self.view.downgrade();
2192        let focus_id = handle.id;
2193        let (subscription, activate) = self.window.focus_listeners.insert(
2194            (),
2195            Box::new(move |event, cx| {
2196                view.update(cx, |view, cx| {
2197                    if event.previous_focus_path.contains(&focus_id)
2198                        && !event.current_focus_path.contains(&focus_id)
2199                    {
2200                        listener(view, cx)
2201                    }
2202                })
2203                .is_ok()
2204            }),
2205        );
2206        self.app.defer(move |_| activate());
2207        subscription
2208    }
2209
2210    /// Schedule a future to be run asynchronously.
2211    /// The given callback is invoked with a [`WeakView<V>`] to avoid leaking the view for a long-running process.
2212    /// It's also given an [`AsyncWindowContext`], which can be used to access the state of the view across await points.
2213    /// The returned future will be polled on the main thread.
2214    pub fn spawn<Fut, R>(
2215        &mut self,
2216        f: impl FnOnce(WeakView<V>, AsyncWindowContext) -> Fut,
2217    ) -> Task<R>
2218    where
2219        R: 'static,
2220        Fut: Future<Output = R> + 'static,
2221    {
2222        let view = self.view().downgrade();
2223        self.window_cx.spawn(|cx| f(view, cx))
2224    }
2225
2226    /// Updates the global state of the given type.
2227    pub fn update_global<G, R>(&mut self, f: impl FnOnce(&mut G, &mut Self) -> R) -> R
2228    where
2229        G: Global,
2230    {
2231        let mut global = self.app.lease_global::<G>();
2232        let result = f(&mut global, self);
2233        self.app.end_global_lease(global);
2234        result
2235    }
2236
2237    /// Register a callback to be invoked when the given global state changes.
2238    pub fn observe_global<G: Global>(
2239        &mut self,
2240        mut f: impl FnMut(&mut V, &mut ViewContext<'_, V>) + 'static,
2241    ) -> Subscription {
2242        let window_handle = self.window.handle;
2243        let view = self.view().downgrade();
2244        let (subscription, activate) = self.global_observers.insert(
2245            TypeId::of::<G>(),
2246            Box::new(move |cx| {
2247                window_handle
2248                    .update(cx, |_, cx| view.update(cx, |view, cx| f(view, cx)).is_ok())
2249                    .unwrap_or(false)
2250            }),
2251        );
2252        self.app.defer(move |_| activate());
2253        subscription
2254    }
2255
2256    /// Register a callback to be invoked when the given Action type is dispatched to the window.
2257    pub fn on_action(
2258        &mut self,
2259        action_type: TypeId,
2260        listener: impl Fn(&mut V, &dyn Any, DispatchPhase, &mut ViewContext<V>) + 'static,
2261    ) {
2262        let handle = self.view().clone();
2263        self.window_cx
2264            .on_action(action_type, move |action, phase, cx| {
2265                handle.update(cx, |view, cx| {
2266                    listener(view, action, phase, cx);
2267                })
2268            });
2269    }
2270
2271    /// Emit an event to be handled any other views that have subscribed via [ViewContext::subscribe].
2272    pub fn emit<Evt>(&mut self, event: Evt)
2273    where
2274        Evt: 'static,
2275        V: EventEmitter<Evt>,
2276    {
2277        let emitter = self.view.model.entity_id;
2278        self.app.push_effect(Effect::Emit {
2279            emitter,
2280            event_type: TypeId::of::<Evt>(),
2281            event: Box::new(event),
2282        });
2283    }
2284
2285    /// Move focus to the current view, assuming it implements [`FocusableView`].
2286    pub fn focus_self(&mut self)
2287    where
2288        V: FocusableView,
2289    {
2290        self.defer(|view, cx| view.focus_handle(cx).focus(cx))
2291    }
2292
2293    /// Convenience method for accessing view state in an event callback.
2294    ///
2295    /// Many GPUI callbacks take the form of `Fn(&E, &mut WindowContext)`,
2296    /// but it's often useful to be able to access view state in these
2297    /// callbacks. This method provides a convenient way to do so.
2298    pub fn listener<E>(
2299        &self,
2300        f: impl Fn(&mut V, &E, &mut ViewContext<V>) + 'static,
2301    ) -> impl Fn(&E, &mut WindowContext) + 'static {
2302        let view = self.view().downgrade();
2303        move |e: &E, cx: &mut WindowContext| {
2304            view.update(cx, |view, cx| f(view, e, cx)).ok();
2305        }
2306    }
2307}
2308
2309impl<V> Context for ViewContext<'_, V> {
2310    type Result<U> = U;
2311
2312    fn new_model<T: 'static>(
2313        &mut self,
2314        build_model: impl FnOnce(&mut ModelContext<'_, T>) -> T,
2315    ) -> Model<T> {
2316        self.window_cx.new_model(build_model)
2317    }
2318
2319    fn update_model<T: 'static, R>(
2320        &mut self,
2321        model: &Model<T>,
2322        update: impl FnOnce(&mut T, &mut ModelContext<'_, T>) -> R,
2323    ) -> R {
2324        self.window_cx.update_model(model, update)
2325    }
2326
2327    fn update_window<T, F>(&mut self, window: AnyWindowHandle, update: F) -> Result<T>
2328    where
2329        F: FnOnce(AnyView, &mut WindowContext<'_>) -> T,
2330    {
2331        self.window_cx.update_window(window, update)
2332    }
2333
2334    fn read_model<T, R>(
2335        &self,
2336        handle: &Model<T>,
2337        read: impl FnOnce(&T, &AppContext) -> R,
2338    ) -> Self::Result<R>
2339    where
2340        T: 'static,
2341    {
2342        self.window_cx.read_model(handle, read)
2343    }
2344
2345    fn read_window<T, R>(
2346        &self,
2347        window: &WindowHandle<T>,
2348        read: impl FnOnce(View<T>, &AppContext) -> R,
2349    ) -> Result<R>
2350    where
2351        T: 'static,
2352    {
2353        self.window_cx.read_window(window, read)
2354    }
2355}
2356
2357impl<V: 'static> VisualContext for ViewContext<'_, V> {
2358    fn new_view<W: Render + 'static>(
2359        &mut self,
2360        build_view_state: impl FnOnce(&mut ViewContext<'_, W>) -> W,
2361    ) -> Self::Result<View<W>> {
2362        self.window_cx.new_view(build_view_state)
2363    }
2364
2365    fn update_view<V2: 'static, R>(
2366        &mut self,
2367        view: &View<V2>,
2368        update: impl FnOnce(&mut V2, &mut ViewContext<'_, V2>) -> R,
2369    ) -> Self::Result<R> {
2370        self.window_cx.update_view(view, update)
2371    }
2372
2373    fn replace_root_view<W>(
2374        &mut self,
2375        build_view: impl FnOnce(&mut ViewContext<'_, W>) -> W,
2376    ) -> Self::Result<View<W>>
2377    where
2378        W: 'static + Render,
2379    {
2380        self.window_cx.replace_root_view(build_view)
2381    }
2382
2383    fn focus_view<W: FocusableView>(&mut self, view: &View<W>) -> Self::Result<()> {
2384        self.window_cx.focus_view(view)
2385    }
2386
2387    fn dismiss_view<W: ManagedView>(&mut self, view: &View<W>) -> Self::Result<()> {
2388        self.window_cx.dismiss_view(view)
2389    }
2390}
2391
2392impl<'a, V> std::ops::Deref for ViewContext<'a, V> {
2393    type Target = WindowContext<'a>;
2394
2395    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
2396        &self.window_cx
2397    }
2398}
2399
2400impl<'a, V> std::ops::DerefMut for ViewContext<'a, V> {
2401    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
2402        &mut self.window_cx
2403    }
2404}
2405
2406// #[derive(Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
2407slotmap::new_key_type! {
2408    /// A unique identifier for a window.
2409    pub struct WindowId;
2410}
2411
2412impl WindowId {
2413    /// Converts this window ID to a `u64`.
2414    pub fn as_u64(&self) -> u64 {
2415        self.0.as_ffi()
2416    }
2417}
2418
2419/// A handle to a window with a specific root view type.
2420/// Note that this does not keep the window alive on its own.
2421#[derive(Deref, DerefMut)]
2422pub struct WindowHandle<V> {
2423    #[deref]
2424    #[deref_mut]
2425    pub(crate) any_handle: AnyWindowHandle,
2426    state_type: PhantomData<V>,
2427}
2428
2429impl<V: 'static + Render> WindowHandle<V> {
2430    /// Creates a new handle from a window ID.
2431    /// This does not check if the root type of the window is `V`.
2432    pub fn new(id: WindowId) -> Self {
2433        WindowHandle {
2434            any_handle: AnyWindowHandle {
2435                id,
2436                state_type: TypeId::of::<V>(),
2437            },
2438            state_type: PhantomData,
2439        }
2440    }
2441
2442    /// Get the root view out of this window.
2443    ///
2444    /// This will fail if the window is closed or if the root view's type does not match `V`.
2445    pub fn root<C>(&self, cx: &mut C) -> Result<View<V>>
2446    where
2447        C: Context,
2448    {
2449        Flatten::flatten(cx.update_window(self.any_handle, |root_view, _| {
2450            root_view
2451                .downcast::<V>()
2452                .map_err(|_| anyhow!("the type of the window's root view has changed"))
2453        }))
2454    }
2455
2456    /// Updates the root view of this window.
2457    ///
2458    /// This will fail if the window has been closed or if the root view's type does not match
2459    pub fn update<C, R>(
2460        &self,
2461        cx: &mut C,
2462        update: impl FnOnce(&mut V, &mut ViewContext<'_, V>) -> R,
2463    ) -> Result<R>
2464    where
2465        C: Context,
2466    {
2467        cx.update_window(self.any_handle, |root_view, cx| {
2468            let view = root_view
2469                .downcast::<V>()
2470                .map_err(|_| anyhow!("the type of the window's root view has changed"))?;
2471            Ok(cx.update_view(&view, update))
2472        })?
2473    }
2474
2475    /// Read the root view out of this window.
2476    ///
2477    /// This will fail if the window is closed or if the root view's type does not match `V`.
2478    pub fn read<'a>(&self, cx: &'a AppContext) -> Result<&'a V> {
2479        let x = cx
2480            .windows
2481            .get(self.id)
2482            .and_then(|window| {
2483                window
2484                    .as_ref()
2485                    .and_then(|window| window.root_view.clone())
2486                    .map(|root_view| root_view.downcast::<V>())
2487            })
2488            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("window not found"))?
2489            .map_err(|_| anyhow!("the type of the window's root view has changed"))?;
2490
2491        Ok(x.read(cx))
2492    }
2493
2494    /// Read the root view out of this window, with a callback
2495    ///
2496    /// This will fail if the window is closed or if the root view's type does not match `V`.
2497    pub fn read_with<C, R>(&self, cx: &C, read_with: impl FnOnce(&V, &AppContext) -> R) -> Result<R>
2498    where
2499        C: Context,
2500    {
2501        cx.read_window(self, |root_view, cx| read_with(root_view.read(cx), cx))
2502    }
2503
2504    /// Read the root view pointer off of this window.
2505    ///
2506    /// This will fail if the window is closed or if the root view's type does not match `V`.
2507    pub fn root_view<C>(&self, cx: &C) -> Result<View<V>>
2508    where
2509        C: Context,
2510    {
2511        cx.read_window(self, |root_view, _cx| root_view.clone())
2512    }
2513
2514    /// Check if this window is 'active'.
2515    ///
2516    /// Will return `None` if the window is closed.
2517    pub fn is_active(&self, cx: &AppContext) -> Option<bool> {
2518        cx.windows
2519            .get(self.id)
2520            .and_then(|window| window.as_ref().map(|window| window.active.get()))
2521    }
2522}
2523
2524impl<V> Copy for WindowHandle<V> {}
2525
2526impl<V> Clone for WindowHandle<V> {
2527    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
2528        *self
2529    }
2530}
2531
2532impl<V> PartialEq for WindowHandle<V> {
2533    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
2534        self.any_handle == other.any_handle
2535    }
2536}
2537
2538impl<V> Eq for WindowHandle<V> {}
2539
2540impl<V> Hash for WindowHandle<V> {
2541    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
2542        self.any_handle.hash(state);
2543    }
2544}
2545
2546impl<V: 'static> From<WindowHandle<V>> for AnyWindowHandle {
2547    fn from(val: WindowHandle<V>) -> Self {
2548        val.any_handle
2549    }
2550}
2551
2552/// A handle to a window with any root view type, which can be downcast to a window with a specific root view type.
2553#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
2554pub struct AnyWindowHandle {
2555    pub(crate) id: WindowId,
2556    state_type: TypeId,
2557}
2558
2559impl AnyWindowHandle {
2560    /// Get the ID of this window.
2561    pub fn window_id(&self) -> WindowId {
2562        self.id
2563    }
2564
2565    /// Attempt to convert this handle to a window handle with a specific root view type.
2566    /// If the types do not match, this will return `None`.
2567    pub fn downcast<T: 'static>(&self) -> Option<WindowHandle<T>> {
2568        if TypeId::of::<T>() == self.state_type {
2569            Some(WindowHandle {
2570                any_handle: *self,
2571                state_type: PhantomData,
2572            })
2573        } else {
2574            None
2575        }
2576    }
2577
2578    /// Updates the state of the root view of this window.
2579    ///
2580    /// This will fail if the window has been closed.
2581    pub fn update<C, R>(
2582        self,
2583        cx: &mut C,
2584        update: impl FnOnce(AnyView, &mut WindowContext<'_>) -> R,
2585    ) -> Result<R>
2586    where
2587        C: Context,
2588    {
2589        cx.update_window(self, update)
2590    }
2591
2592    /// Read the state of the root view of this window.
2593    ///
2594    /// This will fail if the window has been closed.
2595    pub fn read<T, C, R>(self, cx: &C, read: impl FnOnce(View<T>, &AppContext) -> R) -> Result<R>
2596    where
2597        C: Context,
2598        T: 'static,
2599    {
2600        let view = self
2601            .downcast::<T>()
2602            .context("the type of the window's root view has changed")?;
2603
2604        cx.read_window(&view, read)
2605    }
2606}
2607
2608/// An identifier for an [`Element`](crate::Element).
2609///
2610/// Can be constructed with a string, a number, or both, as well
2611/// as other internal representations.
2612#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
2613pub enum ElementId {
2614    /// The ID of a View element
2615    View(EntityId),
2616    /// An integer ID.
2617    Integer(usize),
2618    /// A string based ID.
2619    Name(SharedString),
2620    /// An ID that's equated with a focus handle.
2621    FocusHandle(FocusId),
2622    /// A combination of a name and an integer.
2623    NamedInteger(SharedString, usize),
2624}
2625
2626impl Display for ElementId {
2627    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
2628        match self {
2629            ElementId::View(entity_id) => write!(f, "view-{}", entity_id)?,
2630            ElementId::Integer(ix) => write!(f, "{}", ix)?,
2631            ElementId::Name(name) => write!(f, "{}", name)?,
2632            ElementId::FocusHandle(_) => write!(f, "FocusHandle")?,
2633            ElementId::NamedInteger(s, i) => write!(f, "{}-{}", s, i)?,
2634        }
2635
2636        Ok(())
2637    }
2638}
2639
2640impl ElementId {
2641    pub(crate) fn from_entity_id(entity_id: EntityId) -> Self {
2642        ElementId::View(entity_id)
2643    }
2644}
2645
2646impl TryInto<SharedString> for ElementId {
2647    type Error = anyhow::Error;
2648
2649    fn try_into(self) -> anyhow::Result<SharedString> {
2650        if let ElementId::Name(name) = self {
2651            Ok(name)
2652        } else {
2653            Err(anyhow!("element id is not string"))
2654        }
2655    }
2656}
2657
2658impl From<usize> for ElementId {
2659    fn from(id: usize) -> Self {
2660        ElementId::Integer(id)
2661    }
2662}
2663
2664impl From<i32> for ElementId {
2665    fn from(id: i32) -> Self {
2666        Self::Integer(id as usize)
2667    }
2668}
2669
2670impl From<SharedString> for ElementId {
2671    fn from(name: SharedString) -> Self {
2672        ElementId::Name(name)
2673    }
2674}
2675
2676impl From<&'static str> for ElementId {
2677    fn from(name: &'static str) -> Self {
2678        ElementId::Name(name.into())
2679    }
2680}
2681
2682impl<'a> From<&'a FocusHandle> for ElementId {
2683    fn from(handle: &'a FocusHandle) -> Self {
2684        ElementId::FocusHandle(handle.id)
2685    }
2686}
2687
2688impl From<(&'static str, EntityId)> for ElementId {
2689    fn from((name, id): (&'static str, EntityId)) -> Self {
2690        ElementId::NamedInteger(name.into(), id.as_u64() as usize)
2691    }
2692}
2693
2694impl From<(&'static str, usize)> for ElementId {
2695    fn from((name, id): (&'static str, usize)) -> Self {
2696        ElementId::NamedInteger(name.into(), id)
2697    }
2698}
2699
2700impl From<(&'static str, u64)> for ElementId {
2701    fn from((name, id): (&'static str, u64)) -> Self {
2702        ElementId::NamedInteger(name.into(), id as usize)
2703    }
2704}
2705
2706/// A rectangle to be rendered in the window at the given position and size.
2707/// Passed as an argument [`ElementContext::paint_quad`].
2708#[derive(Clone)]
2709pub struct PaintQuad {
2710    bounds: Bounds<Pixels>,
2711    corner_radii: Corners<Pixels>,
2712    background: Hsla,
2713    border_widths: Edges<Pixels>,
2714    border_color: Hsla,
2715}
2716
2717impl PaintQuad {
2718    /// Sets the corner radii of the quad.
2719    pub fn corner_radii(self, corner_radii: impl Into<Corners<Pixels>>) -> Self {
2720        PaintQuad {
2721            corner_radii: corner_radii.into(),
2722            ..self
2723        }
2724    }
2725
2726    /// Sets the border widths of the quad.
2727    pub fn border_widths(self, border_widths: impl Into<Edges<Pixels>>) -> Self {
2728        PaintQuad {
2729            border_widths: border_widths.into(),
2730            ..self
2731        }
2732    }
2733
2734    /// Sets the border color of the quad.
2735    pub fn border_color(self, border_color: impl Into<Hsla>) -> Self {
2736        PaintQuad {
2737            border_color: border_color.into(),
2738            ..self
2739        }
2740    }
2741
2742    /// Sets the background color of the quad.
2743    pub fn background(self, background: impl Into<Hsla>) -> Self {
2744        PaintQuad {
2745            background: background.into(),
2746            ..self
2747        }
2748    }
2749}
2750
2751/// Creates a quad with the given parameters.
2752pub fn quad(
2753    bounds: Bounds<Pixels>,
2754    corner_radii: impl Into<Corners<Pixels>>,
2755    background: impl Into<Hsla>,
2756    border_widths: impl Into<Edges<Pixels>>,
2757    border_color: impl Into<Hsla>,
2758) -> PaintQuad {
2759    PaintQuad {
2760        bounds,
2761        corner_radii: corner_radii.into(),
2762        background: background.into(),
2763        border_widths: border_widths.into(),
2764        border_color: border_color.into(),
2765    }
2766}
2767
2768/// Creates a filled quad with the given bounds and background color.
2769pub fn fill(bounds: impl Into<Bounds<Pixels>>, background: impl Into<Hsla>) -> PaintQuad {
2770    PaintQuad {
2771        bounds: bounds.into(),
2772        corner_radii: (0.).into(),
2773        background: background.into(),
2774        border_widths: (0.).into(),
2775        border_color: transparent_black(),
2776    }
2777}
2778
2779/// Creates a rectangle outline with the given bounds, border color, and a 1px border width
2780pub fn outline(bounds: impl Into<Bounds<Pixels>>, border_color: impl Into<Hsla>) -> PaintQuad {
2781    PaintQuad {
2782        bounds: bounds.into(),
2783        corner_radii: (0.).into(),
2784        background: transparent_black(),
2785        border_widths: (1.).into(),
2786        border_color: border_color.into(),
2787    }
2788}